1、Unit19Engineering cost and managementTextProject cost control emphasis should be transferred to the project construction early days,namely transferred to the project decision and design stage.Project cost control in construction projects throughout the entire process,the key lies in the preconstruct
2、ion investment decision-making with design phase,whereas in the investment decision is made,the key lies in designing1.According to expert analysis:architectural design,in the preliminary design stage,design stage,construction design stage to the engineering effect were 75%95%,35%75%,5%35%;while in
3、the construction phase,through the optimization of construction organization design,construction cost saving the possibility of only 5%to 10%.Obviously we should put the focus shifted to the design stage,in order to get twice the result with half the effort.Text1.1 Pay attention to the technical and
4、 economic optimization combination.The combination of technology with economy is most effective way to control engineering cost.China engineering fields did not do this for a long time.The lack of technical personnel economy idea,design thought is conservative,the design of the outcome of the econom
5、y are not fully reflect2.Therefore,what we should solve the problem is to improve economic efficiency as the goal,in the construction process,organization,technology and economy organic ground union rises.Through the economic analysis,comparative study and effect evaluation,correct processing of adv
6、anced technology and reasonable in economy between the relation of unity of opposites,strive to advanced technology under the conditions of economic rational,reasonable in economy based on advanced technology3.Text1.2 Carry out limitation is designed method.To be consciously put the application of v
7、alue engineering to the specific design,actively promote quota design in engineering design contract,by way of bidding.This has been proven in practice an effective way,it is not only an economic problem,more precisely a technical and economic problems4.This limitation is designed had effectively co
8、ntrol the project cost.In order to make the limitation is designed to achieve the desired objectives,should be involved in the design personnel must be experienced skilled economic designer.Their design results must be practical,advanced and reasonable cost.Control of engineering cost on the other h
9、and is the need for comparison,because the outcome is a process of gradual improvement,and not to decide,so the comparison is a measure of its practical,advanced and economical means.Text1.3 Do good project cost control in the process.(1)Compilation of economic and feasible construction scheme.Befor
10、e construction,construction enterprises should be combined with the construction drawings and the actual situation at the scene,their mechanical equipment,construction experience,the management level and technical specification acceptance criteria,a set of practical and feasible construction scheme.
11、The construction scheme is engineering implementation of the programme of action5.(2)To technical personnel,materials,machinery and personnel staff communication and coordination.In the process of construction,construction technology,materials and mechanical personnel should cooperate closely，unders
12、tand each other,to management as the core,to reduce costs for the purpose of.(3)To the project completion settlement.Text1.4 Strict supervision system.Control project cost effectively,in the early phase of the project shall be subject to supervision(including cost management)system.Through analyzing
13、 the design process of supervision,make the design more reasonable,cost control to limit the scope of,accomplish maximize output truly with the smallest investment.To establish and perfect the independent project cost advisory body，cultivate a engineering team equal stress on integrity and ability.T
14、o establish a real sense of independent engineering cost consulting agencies.Through improving the laws and regulations,normative behavior,separate government functions from enterprise management,the establishment of independent business partnership,share-holding system,the limited responsibility sy
15、stem and other forms of organization,an industry-based,diversified services integrated project consulting company,build and development and reform the engineering cost intermediary service institutions,make construction project management of a gradual transition by an independent specialized agency
16、in charge of project cost whole process tracking management,truly between owner and contractor plays an intermediary role.TextTo strengthen engineering cost consulting industry association construction,establish project cost consulting industry self-discipline mechanism,and constantly improve the En
17、gineering Cost Association in engineering cost consulting industry status,to be truly representative of the interests of the majority of the industry practitioners,government and enterprises to become connection link and the bridge6.At the same time to strengthen the project cost specialty in higher
18、 education and in service education.As a result of project cost management in construction projects and various economic interests are closely related,and the whole social economic activities play a very important role,it requires the cost engineering technical personnel should have different levels
19、 of knowledge,in addition to their professional knowledge and have a deep understanding,also deal with the design content,design process,construction technology,project management,economic laws and regulations have a comprehensive understanding of.TextTherefore,the project cost management,project co
20、st per unit of society groups,has already obtained a cost engineer qualification personnel,in order to carry out plan,has the goal,multiple levels of continuing education and training,to understand and master Chinese bilateral agreements with countries project cost technology,regulations,management
21、system and its development trend,to expand domestic and foreign exchanges,and actively participate in international or regional engineering activities,improve their professional quality,so that the current practitioners in intelligent structure,theory and working experience three aspects can meet th
22、e needs of engineering cost management.Cost engineering professionals need to strengthen their own learning,in addition to the professional knowledge to upgrade,should also work in combination with a broad understanding and master the relevant engineering and technical expertise,educational organiza
23、tions and industry regulatory bodies constitute a complete education system,so as to the field of engineering senior talent development to create good conditions7.transferredadj.转移的；转让的；调动的namelyadv.即，也就是phasen.阶段optimizationn.最佳化，最优化get twice the result with half the effort 事半功倍personneln.人员conserv
24、ativeadj.保守的strive to努力consciouslyadv.有意识地value engineering 价值工程quotan.（正式限定的）定量，定额；gradualadj.渐进的，渐（升）降的；倾斜度小的；compilationn.编辑；汇编feasibleadj.可行的；可用的；可实行的；schemen.计划；体系；be combined with化合，联合；连同scenen.场面，现场；technical specification acceptance criteria 技术规范验收标准coordinationn.协调；和谐in charge of主管，负责；照料bil
25、ateraladj.双边的，双方的；两侧的；New Words and PhrasesNotes（1）Project cost control in construction projects throughout the entire process,the key lies in the preconstruction investment decision-making with design phase,whereas in the investment decision is made,the key lies in designing.工程造价控制贯穿于项目建设全过程，关键在于施工
26、前的投资决策和设计阶段，而在做出投资决策后，关键在于设计。（2）The lack of technical personnel economy idea,design thought is conservative,the design of the outcome of the economy are not fully reflect.技术人员缺乏经济观念，设计思想保守，使设计成果的经济性得不到充分体现。（3）Through the economic analysis,comparative study and effect evaluation,correct processing of
27、 advanced technology and reasonable in economy between the relation of unity of opposites,strive to advanced technology under the conditions of economic rational,reasonable in economy based on advanced technology.通过经济分析、技术比较及效果评价，正确处理技术先进与经济合理两者之间的对立统一的关系，力求在技术先进条件下的经济合理，在经济合理基础上的技术先进。Notes（4）To be
28、consciously put the application of value engineering to the specific design,actively promote quota design in engineering design contract,by way of bidding.This has been proven in practice an effective way,it is not only an economic problem,more precisely a technical and economic problems.要自觉地把价值工程运用
29、到具体的设计中去，积极推行限额设计，在工程设计发包中采用招投标方式。这是被实践证明的有效途径，它不单纯是一个经济问题，更准确地说是一个技术经济问题。（5）Before construction,construction enterprises should be combined with the construction drawings and the actual situation at the scene,their mechanical equipment,construction experience,the management level and technical spec
30、ification acceptance criteria,a set of practical and feasible construction scheme.The construction scheme is engineering implementation of the programme of action.施工前，施工企业要结合施工图纸及现场实际情况、自身的机械设备、施工经验、管理水平和技术规范验收标准，编制一套切实经济可行的施工方案。该施工方案是工程实施的行动纲领。Notes（6）To strengthen engineering cost consulting indus
31、try association construction,establish project cost consulting industry self-discipline mechanism,and constantly improve the Engineering Cost Association in engineering cost consulting industry status,to be truly representative of the interests of the majority of the industry practitioners,governmen
32、t and enterprises to become connection link and the bridge.要加强工程造价咨询行业协会的建设，建立工程造价咨询行业自律机制，不断提高工程造价协会在工程造价咨询行业的地位，使之成为真正代表行业内多数从业者的利益，成为政府与企业联系的纽带和桥梁。（7）Cost engineering professionals need to strengthen their own learning,in addition to the professional knowledge to upgrade,should also work in combi
33、nation with a broad understanding and master the relevant engineering and technical expertise,educational organizations and industry regulatory bodies constitute a complete education system,so as to the field of engineering senior talent development to create good conditions.工程造价专业人员也要加强自身的学习，除了对本专业
34、的知识进行更新提高外，还应该结合工作广泛了解和掌握有关工程技术专业的知识，国民教育机构和行业管理机构构成完备的教育体系，从而为工程造价领域高级人才的成长创造良好的条件。1.所谓工程造价的有效控制，在优化建设方案,设计方案的基础上，在建设过程的所有阶段使用某些方法和措施，以降低工程成本有一个合理控制的范围 和成本的核定限额。2.严重的商品短缺的情况下，只要有一定程度的投资将产品产出。在这种环境下，项目的规划和技术论证就不可能有经济分析。国家控制的项目成本构成要素的设备和材料价格。在这种相对稳定的经济环境，财政预算的制度，核定工程造价，帮助政府进行投资计划方面发挥了重大作用。3.随着社会主义市场经
35、济体制的确立，要求我们预测项目的投资和控制。近年来，国际投资项目的发展提倡,事前预控，事中控制。中国传统的做法，从客观的角度对事业的决策，重执行，轻技术经济。4.我们现在的任务是要与现代成本管理的，符合中国国情的市场经济的系统目标，借鉴先进发达国家的经验，建立健全市场经济规律的工程造价管理体系，努力提高工程造价的水平。5.投资决策阶段的工程造价管理建设项目投资决策阶段是提出项目建议书，进行了可行性研究，确定投资估算,最终编制设计任务。在这个阶段，项目的技术和经济决策，对建设项目工程造价的工程完成后的经济效益有着决定性的影响,建造成本是一个重要的阶段控制。Exercises（Translate
36、the following Chinese into English,or English into Chinese）6.Value Engineering laws generally divided into three steps:assessment of the design of object technology and economic Score;Calculation of the target group of technical and economic indicators;calculate the geometric design of the object on
37、 average;from comparison choose the best design.7.Construction No.10 on the 7th ministerial decree issued a contract with the Construction Contract Pricing Management.clearly pointed out in bidding for projects using inventories.This requires the building of units conducting the tender exercise,in t
38、he tender document to include not only the usual content,like tender notes before schedule,tender notes,the conditions of the contract,the contract terms of the agreement,contract format,technical specifications,drawings,tender documents and other reference format,it is also necessary to provide the
39、 engineering inventory,Bidding as a reference document of the important components.8.Control material consumption,rationally define material prices.Cost of the project control materials price control is the main,the cost of materials in engineering often holds substantial proportion,usually accounts
40、 for the estimated costs of 70%,representing the direct costs of 80%.It is necessary in the construction phase in strict accordance with the contract amount of material control;material set reasonable prices,so as to effectively control the cost of the project.Exercises（Translate the following Chine
41、se into English,or English into Chinese）9.In the construction process,we must tighten customs change,through no design changes to expand the scale and improve the design standards;increase the construction and contents,the best implementation of the hierarchical control,visa quota system.10.Construc
42、tion of the project from planning to implementation of the entire process and the use of the funds to repay responsibilities to the person.In addition to establishing a legal system and the project supervision matching mechanism by the departments in charge of the industry and supervision departments for setting up a monitoring group to oversee the use of funds.Exercises（Translate the following Chinese into English,or English into Chinese）
