1、从历史的视角论英语外来词对当代日本语言文化的影响广西师范大学外国语学院商务英语专业 201311700042 许馨语指导老师：曾静明【摘要】日本向来作为擅于从其他民族尤其是从西方先进文化中取其精华的强大民族而被世界认可。明治维新以来，日本与英语国家的大量贸易往来及对其先进技术的吸收促使大量英语词汇作为外来语进入到日语当中。在现代日语中，外来语词汇约占日语总日语词汇总量的10 %，其中源于英语的外来语词汇占比已超过80 %，而语言又属文化中的重要成分，由此而知，英语作为日语中最大的外来语词源，在很大程度上影响着日本语言文化的发展。本文以历史为视角，追溯英语外来词进入日语的历史沿革，列举日语中部分
2、英语外来词以探讨其词源分类，及通过对日语中和制英语与混合语词的展示探究英语外来词与日本文化相融合的语言表现，并就英语外来词对当代日本语言及文化的影响进行分析。最后，本文提出英语外来词对当代日本语言文化的影响为利大于弊，且未来日语中外来语的引进仍会不断继续。【关键词】 英语；日语外来语；历史；语言；文化On the Influence of Loan Words from English on Modern Japanese Language and Culture from the Perspective of HistoryCollege of Foreign studies, Guangx
3、i Normal University201311700042 Xu Xinyu Supervisor: Zeng JingmingAbstract Japan has always been recognized by the world as a powerful nation that is adept at taking essence from other nationalities, especially from the advanced Western culture. After the Meiji Restoration, a great deal of trade bet
4、ween Japan and English-speaking countries absorption of its advanced technology have made a large number of English words be used as loan words into Japanese language. In modern Japanese, loan words account for about 10% of total Japanese vocabulary, and among them, those from English accounted for
5、more than 80% of them. The language is a very important part of culture. So it is known that English, as the largest source of loan words in Japanese, has greatly influenced the development of Japanese language and culture. This paper, from the perspective of history, starts with the reviews on hist
6、orical evolution of English being introduced into Japanese, tried to discuss the classification of the loan words from English by analysis of the examples and a research of the linguistic phenomenon of their integration with Japanese culture by showing examples of Waseieigo and Japanese hybrid words
7、. Then the influence of loan words from English on modern Japanese language and culture would be analyzed. Finally, the paper reports that it does more good than harm for the influence of loan words from English on Japanese language, culture and society, and the introduction of those loan words will
8、 be ceaseless in the future in Japan.Key Words English; Japanese loan words; Language; Culture iContentsAbstract in ChineseiAbstract in EnglishiiChapter 1 Introduction11.1 Background11.2 Significance11. 3 Research Techniques11.4 Structure2Chapter 2 Literature Reviews32.1 Foreign Researches32.2 Domes
9、tic Researches42.3 Summerize5Chapter 3 The History of Loan Words from English and Its Integration with Japanese Language and Culture63.1 The Historical Evolution of English being Introduced into Japanese63.2 Classification of Japanese Loan Words from English83.3 Integration of The Loan Words from En
10、glish with Japanese Language and Culture11Chapter 4 The Influence of Loan words from English on Japanese Language and Culture134.1 Positive Influence134.2 Negative Influence15Chapter 5 The Conclusion165.1 Research Found165.2 Limitations165.3 Recommendation for Further Researches16References18Chapter
11、 1 Introduction1.1 Background The loan words from English have become a very important part in Japanese language. With the advent of the Meiji Restoration, the increase of loan words from English language was especially fast in Japan. And the pragmatic functions of those words have been come more an
12、d more complete since that time. Nowadays, there are about 80 percent of Japanese loan words came from English. The loan words from English not only made Japanese expression richer and more expressive, but also have been spread over economy, politics, culture and daily life in Japan. Whats more, the
13、y have been infiltrated into ideology of Japanese people and influenced on Japanese society enormously.1.2 Significance Languages are the carrier of history, society and culture of countries. Some parts of behavior custom of people in a country are reflected in their language.Researching into Japane
14、se loan words from English language is helpful for us to learn the history and development of Japanese economic and cultural opening-up and communication. Loan words is one of the difficulties in Japanese learning, so it is of great importance to master them and their integration with Japanese cultu
15、re for studying Japanese well. 1. 3 Research TechniquesBased on the literature reviews, some Japanese loan words which from English will be given as examples to research their characteristics. The techniques which are used to research the historical reasons of Japanese loan words from English langua
16、ge, and to research their integration with Japanese culture are listed as follows:(i) Referring to related researches on the internet and find some typical cases about Japanese load words from English.(ii) Borrowing relevant books from the library to learn some research theories.(iii) Discussing thi
17、s topic with some Japanese friends and other people who is learning Japanese to solve some problems.1.4 Structure The contents of this paper are designed as follows: (i) Chapter 1 introduces the background, significance, research techniques and structure of this paper.(ii) In Chapter 2, the previous
18、 studies have been reviewed. Then the further research could be started based on the foreign and domestic researches listed in this chapter. (iii) the historical evolution of English being introduced into Japanese have been retroacted in Chapter 3. The evolution is roughly divided into five periods.
19、 Some tables would be listed to show some examples about the POS and fields of Japanese loan words from English, waiseieigo, and the hybrid words combined by English and Japanese. (v) In Chapter 4, the Positive and negative influences of English loanwords on Japanese culture have been reported by co
20、mbining all the researches which had been done in the chapters above. (vi) In Chapter 5, a conclusion would be made. Chapter 2 Literature ReviewsAccording to literature reviews, many scholars at home and abroad studied on Japanese loan words which focus on the aspects of linguistics, lexicology and
21、history. Because of these words are playing an important role in Japanese language, and, in the meantime, they have a great influence on Japanese cultural development by mixing into Japanese language.2.1 Foreign ResearchesLoan words from English have made easily recognizable impact to Japanese cultu
22、re at the present age. They constantly increase even in the area of childrens talking. Berendt Erich, Kurosaki Eriko, Maeda Aya, Matsui Kathy and Ochi Naoko (2014) took Japanese ten-year-olds as the object to study on the effects of loan words from English on children of this age, and whether it can
23、 be used as a beneficial resource in English teaching or not. Results show that expand the social and semantic values of loan words from English can make a useful contribution to Japanese social development.Bates L. Hoffer, Grace Yayoi Beard, Nobuyuki Honna (2009) gave a number of examples about the
24、 difference between English words and their loan words in Japanese. The scholars based on several studies of loan words from English, researched on grammatical restrictions of them and some new loan words and then made a supplement to their treatments of semantic shifts and cultural bases of pragmat
25、ic differences, etc. Finally, their conclusions are drawn from the perspective of sociolinguistic: the fast increasing of a huge English stratum in Japanese vocabulary is parallel with a proliferation of uses of these loan words. Takako Tomoda (2007) studied on the meaning, social issues and peoples
26、 attitude of Japanese load words, which are called gairaigo（外来語） in Japanese, from other languages, and found that loan words from English might be continued to be adopted, but those loan words merge into Japanese then the creation of newly hybrid words is blurring the boundary between those loan wo
27、rds and the words formed natively. In addition, a lot of new gairaigos seem to have been used to introduce into modern, trendy or high-tech areas, they are not only filling in lexical gaps in the traditional sense.Gillian Kay (1995) studied on cultural and historical contexts of Japanese loan words
28、from English, as well as the functions served by them. Morphological, phonological, orthographical, syntactic and semantic modifications of those loan words provide are helpful to assimilate themselves into the native language. Even though it is like this, the scholar pointed out that cultural and l
29、inguistic loan is separate from native culture and language to a certain extent.Kyoko Takashi (1991) researched on sociolinguistic analysis of loan words from English in Japanese print advertising and television commercials. Two hypotheses have been confirmed to be true in this study. Firstly, the m
30、ain reason why loan words from English are used in language of advertising is that to make the products be considered to be more modern and advanced. And secondly, there is a relationship really exists between functions of those loan words and the consumer characteristics, such as gender, age and pr
31、ofession.2.2 Domestic ResearchesIn the studies on Japanese-English, which is called waseieigo（和製英語）in Japanese, Jiang Xiu, Liu Lijuan (2012) researched the causes of its creation by analyzing the psychological and cultural factors of Japanese people. Zhang Xinyi, Han Bing (2016) studied on its defin
32、ing scope and characteristics. The conclusion is that instead of being replaced by English or any other language, Japanese is subtly absorbing and assimilating with them, and the let the loan words from English become an integral part of Japanese language.Sun Fenglong, Xiao Sicen, Zhu Ting, Li Hongm
33、ei (2016) studied on the word class of Japanese loan words from English, and make comparison in their meaning and parts of speech (POS) between the original words in English and its loan in Japanese. Besides, the authors analyzed the reason for the classification and manifestation of this etymology
34、and reported that the use of loan words from English makes positive and negative impacts on Japanese society. In a similar study, He Jia (2016) compared Japanese loan words from English and the original Japanese words, then found that there are many similarities and differences between them in pronu
35、nciation, meaning, writing form and spelling in Roman alphabet, which shows the diversity of Japanese loan words from English.Huang Xuejie (2001), Wang Yanhua, Guo Caijia (2010) and Liu Bin (2017) studied on the reasons of the fast increase of loan words in Japanese language. The scholars reported t
36、hat the increasing of loan words in Japanese is an inevitable trend, and the speed of it will be more and more rapid.In the studies on the influence of Japanese loan words, Gu miao (2017) and Yu Fang (2016) listed the development history and usage status of Japanese loan words and its positive and n
37、egative impact on Japanese society. Li Jiaze, Li Youze (2016) and Zheng Jia (2015) researched on the influence of Japanese loan words from the angle of economic and culture in Japan.Fan Dongni (2015) and Yang Ziyun (2016) reported the analysis of Japanese loan words and Japanese language and cultura
38、l features. They introduced the connotation of Japanese loan words and the features of Japanese language and cultural are absorption, creativity and diversity.2.3 SummerizeSo far there are many researches on this subject. However, in the related studies on Japanese loan words from English, most of s
39、cholars pay more attention to their influence on English or Japanese teaching, or studied on it from the perspectives of linguistics and lexicology. But from the angle of Japanese culture, scholars focus on loan words from English rarely, but on all kinds of loan words in Japanese language. When res
40、earch on the influence of loan words from English on Japan from the perspective of culture, the history between Japan and English countries, and the integration between original words and Japanese words should be concerned together. Consequently, on the basis of previous studies , a further research
41、 can be done comprehensively. Chapter 3 The History of Loan Words from English and Its Integration with Japanese Language and Culture Japanese loan words from English mostly indicates the new things and advanced technology concepts introduced from foreign countries in the process of modernization in
42、 Japan. Waseieigo and the loan words whose meaning have been changed after introducing in Japanese are also belong to this category.3.1 The Historical Evolution of English being Introduced into Japanese3.1.1 Civilized PeriodAfter the Meiji Restoration, there were a number of mercantile and cultural
43、exchanges between Japan and the Western countries, and Japan were influenced by English increasingly. The influence of English on Japanese comes from both Britain and America. The deepening of exchanges with Britain and the United States has made loan words from English language become more and more
44、 common in Japanese language. According to the record of Japanese dictionary GENKAI which was published in 1891, there were approximately 70 loan words from English which were introduced into Japanese at that time. Including bucket (), handkerchief (), shirt (), brush () and so on. But during this p
45、eriod, English as a foreign language still made the Japanese people feel a little uncomfortable.3.1.2 Westernization PeriodFrom 1883 to 1905, it the period when the Japanese government pursued the policy of extreme westernization of Europe and America, which brought more and more loan words from Eng
46、lish into Japanese language, and Japanese trended to assimilate those loan words. Many English words, such as tunnel (), dozen (), metre () and club (), are incorporated into Japanese vocabulary. In this period, loan words from English was called “metaphrase English” or fashionable English.3.1.3 The
47、 Period of New Culture GeneratingThe victory of the Russo-Japanese War led to the rapid development of Japanese culture and education. At that time, loan words from English have become ordinary words in Japan and have been used in daily life universally. Furthermore, the rapid development of educati
48、on causes Japan to translate a large number of Western literary works and scientific works. Therefore, the professional and industry in the field of science and technology have absorbed English vocabulary in a large amount, and the loan words from English mainly used in terms of profession and terminology have been formed gradually. Such as energy (), standard (), sample (), switch (), signal () and so on.3.1.4 The Period of New Culture Developing The popularization of education made peoples cultural quality generally improve. Because of the strongly encouraged by the medias pro
