1、 第第 32 卷卷 文学和哲学名家随笔文学和哲学名家随笔 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 32 卷 文学和哲学名家随笔 2/436 总目录总目录 第第 1 卷卷 富兰克林自传富兰克林自传 第第 2 卷卷 柏拉图对话录：辩解篇、菲多柏拉图对话录：辩解篇、菲多篇、克利多篇篇、克利多篇 第第 3 卷卷 培根论说文集及新阿特兰蒂斯培根论说文集及新阿特兰蒂斯 第第 4 卷卷 约翰米尔顿英文诗全集约翰米尔顿英文诗全集 第第 5 卷卷 爱默生文集爱默生文集 第第 6 卷卷 伯恩斯诗歌集伯恩斯诗歌集 第第 7 卷卷 圣奥古斯丁忏悔录圣奥古斯丁忏悔录 第第 8 卷卷 希腊戏
2、剧希腊戏剧 第第 9 卷卷 论友谊、论老年及书信集论友谊、论老年及书信集 第第 10 卷卷 国富论国富论 第第 11 卷卷 物种起源论物种起源论 第第 12 卷卷 普卢塔克比较列传普卢塔克比较列传 第第 13 卷卷 伊尼亚德伊尼亚德 第第 14 卷卷 唐吉坷德唐吉坷德 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 32 卷 文学和哲学名家随笔 3/436 第第 15 卷卷 天路历程天路历程 第第 16 卷卷 天方夜谭天方夜谭 第第 17 卷卷 民间传说与预言民间传说与预言 第第 18 卷卷 英国现代戏剧英国现代戏剧 第第 19 卷卷 浮士德浮士德 第第 20 卷卷 神曲
3、神曲 第第 21 卷卷 许婚的爱人许婚的爱人 第第 22 卷卷 奥德赛奥德赛 第第 23 卷卷 两年水手生涯两年水手生涯 第第 24 卷卷 伯克文集伯克文集 第第 25 卷卷 穆勒文集穆勒文集 第第 26 卷卷 欧洲大陆戏剧欧洲大陆戏剧 第第 27 卷卷 英国名家随笔英国名家随笔 第第 28 卷卷 英国与美国名家随笔英国与美国名家随笔 第第 29 卷卷 比格尔号上的旅行比格尔号上的旅行 第第 30 卷卷 科学论文集：物理学、化学、科学论文集：物理学、化学、天文学、地质学天文学、地质学 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 32 卷 文学和哲学名家随笔 4/436
4、 第第 31 卷卷 切利尼自传切利尼自传 第第 32 卷卷 文学和哲学名家随笔文学和哲学名家随笔 第第33卷卷 古代与现代著名航海与旅行记古代与现代著名航海与旅行记 第第 34 卷卷 法国和英国著名哲学家法国和英国著名哲学家 第第 35 卷卷 见闻与传奇见闻与传奇 第第 36 卷卷 君王论君王论 第第 37 卷卷 17、18 世纪英国著名哲学家世纪英国著名哲学家 第第 38 卷卷 物理学、医学、外科学和地质物理学、医学、外科学和地质学学 第第 39 卷卷 著名之前言和序言著名之前言和序言 第第 40 卷卷 英文诗集（卷）从乔叟到格英文诗集（卷）从乔叟到格雷雷 第第 41 卷卷 英文诗集（卷）从
5、科林斯到英文诗集（卷）从科林斯到费兹杰拉德费兹杰拉德 第第 42 卷卷 英文诗集（卷）从丁尼生到英文诗集（卷）从丁尼生到惠特曼惠特曼 第第 43 卷卷 10001904 第第 44 卷卷 圣书圣书(卷一卷一):孔子孔子 希伯来书希伯来书 基基百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 32 卷 文学和哲学名家随笔 5/436 督圣经督圣经()第第 45 卷卷 圣书圣书(卷二卷二)基督圣经基督圣经()第第 46 卷卷 伊丽莎白时期戏剧（卷）伊丽莎白时期戏剧（卷）第第 47 卷卷 伊丽莎白时期戏剧（卷）伊丽莎白时期戏剧（卷）第第 48 卷卷 帕斯卡文集帕斯卡文集 第第 4
6、9 卷卷 史诗与传说史诗与传说 第第 50 卷卷 哈佛经典讲座哈佛经典讲座 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 32 卷 文学和哲学名家随笔 6/436 第第 32 卷卷 文学和哲学名家随笔文学和哲学名家随笔 INTRODUCTORY NOTE MICHEL EYQUEM DE MONTAIGNE,the founder of the modern Essay,was born February 28,1533,at the chteau of Montaigne in Prigord.He came of a family of wealthy mercha
7、nts of Bordeaux,and was educated at the Collge de Guyenne,where he had among his teachers the great Scottish Latinist,George Buchanan.Later he studied law,and held various public offices;but at the age of thirty-eight he retired to his estates,where he lived apart from the civil wars of the time,and
8、 devoted himself to study and thought.While he was travelling in Germany and Italy,in 1580-81,he was elected mayor of Bordeaux,and this office he filled for four years.He married in 1565,and had six daughters,only one of whom grew up.The first two books of his“Essays”appeared in 1580;the third in 15
9、88;and four years later he died.These are the main external facts of Montaignes life;of the man himself the portrait is to be found in his book.“It is myself I portray,”he declares;and there is nowhere in literature a volume of self-revelation surpassing his in charm and candor.He is frankly egotist
10、ical,yet modest and unpretentious;profoundly wise,yet constantly protesting his ignorance;learned,yet careless,forgetful,and inconsistent.His themes are as wide and varied as his observation of human life,and he has written the finest eulogy of friendship the world has known.Bacon,who knew his book
11、and borrowed from it,wrote on the same subject;and the contrast of the essays is the true reflection of the contrast between the personalities of their authors.Shortly after Montaignes death the“Essays”were translated into English by John Florio,with less than exact accuracy,but in a style so full o
12、f the flavor of the age that we still read Montaigne in the version which 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 32 卷 文学和哲学名家随笔 7/436 Shakespeare knew.The group of examples here printed exhibits the author in a variety of moods,easy,serious,and in the essay on“Friendship,”as nearly impassioned as his ph
13、ilosophy ever allowed him to become.THE AUTHOR TO THE READER Reader,loe here a well-meaning Booke.It doth at the first entrance forewarne thee,that in contriving the same I have proposed unto my selfe no other than a familiar and private end:I have no respect or consideration at all,either to thy se
14、rvice,or to my glory:my forces are not capable of any such desseigne.I have vowed the same to the particular commodity of my kinsfolks and friends:to the end,that losing me(which they are likely to doe ere long),they may therein find some lineaments of my conditions and humours,and by that meanes re
15、serve more whole,and more lively foster the knowledge and acquaintance they have had of me.Had my intention beene to forestal and purchase the worlds opinion and favour,I would surely have adorned myselfe more quaintly,or kept a more grave and solemne march.I desire therein to be delineated in mine
16、owne genuine,simple and ordinary fashion,without contention,art or study;for it is myselfe I pourtray.My imperfections shall therein be read to the life,and my naturall forme discerned,so farre-forth as public reverence hath permitted me.For if my fortune had beene to have lived among those nations
17、which yet are said to live under the sweet liberty of Natures first and uncorrupted lawes,I assure thee,I would most willingly have pourtrayed myselfe fully and naked.Thus,gentle Reader,myselfe am the groundworke of my book:it is then no reason thou shouldest employ thy time about so frivolous and v
18、aine a subject.Therefore farewell.From MONTAIGNE,The First of March,1580.THAT WE SHOULD NOT JUDGE OF OUR HAPPINESSE UNTILL AFTER OUR DEATH 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 32 卷 文学和哲学名家随笔 8/436 scilicet ultima semper Expectanda dies homini est,dicique beatus Ante obitum nemo,supremaque funera debet
19、.注 1 We must expect of man the latest day,Nor ere he die,hes happie,can we say.THE very children are acquainted with the storie of Croesus to this purpose:who being taken by Cyrus,and by him condemned to die,upon the point of his execution,cried out aloud:“Oh Solon,Solon!”which words of his,being re
20、ported to Cyrus,who inquiring what he meant by them,told him,hee now at his owne cost verified the advertisement Solon had before times given him;which was,that no man,what cheerful and blandishing countenance soever fortune shewed them,may rightly deeme himselfe happie,till such time as he have pas
21、sed the last day of his life,by reason of the uncertaintie and vicissitude of humane things,which by a very light motive,and slight occasion,are often changed from one to another cleane contrary state and degree.And therefore Agesilaus answered one that counted the King of Persia happy,because being
22、 very young,he had gotten the garland of so mightie and great a dominion:“yea but said he,Priam at the same age was not unhappy.”Of the Kings of Macedon that succeeded Alexander the Great,some were afterward seene to become Joyners and Scriveners at Rome:and of Tyrants of Sicilie,Schoolemasters at C
23、orinth.One that had conquered halfe the world,and been Emperour over so many Armies,became an humble and miserable suter to the rascally officers of a king of gypte:At so high a rate did that great Pompey purchase the irkesome prolonging of his life but for five or six months.And in our fathers daie
24、s,Lodowicke Sforze,tenth Duke of Millane,under whom the State of Italie had so long beene turmoiled and shaken,was seene to die a wretched prisoner at Loches in France,but not till he had lived and lingered ten yeares in thraldom,which was the worst of his bargaine.The fairest Queene,wife to the gre
25、atest King of 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 32 卷 文学和哲学名家随笔 9/436 Christendome,was she not lately seene to die by the hands of an executioner?Oh unworthie and barbarous crueltie!And a thousand such examples.For,it seemeth that as the sea-billowes and surging waves,rage and storme against the sur
26、ly pride and stubborne height of our buildings,so are there above,certaine spirits that envie the rising prosperities and greatnesse heere below.Vsque ade res humanas vis abdita qudam Obterit,et pulchros fasces svsque secures Proculcare,ac ludibrio sibi habere videtur.注 2 A hidden power so mens stat
27、es hath out-worne Faire swords,fierce scepters,signes of honours borne,It seemes to trample and deride in scorne.And it seemeth Fortune doth sometimes narrowly watch the last day of our life,thereby to shew her power,and in one moment to overthrow what for many yeares together she had been erecting,
28、and makes us cry after Laberius,Nimirum hac die un plus vixi,mihi quam vivendum fuit.注3Thus it is,“I have lived longer by this one day than I should.”So many that good advice of Solon be taken with reason.But forsomuch as he is a Philosopher,with whom the favours or disfavours of fortune,and good or
29、 ill lucke have no place,and are not regarded by him;and puissances and greatnesses,and accidents of qualitie,are well-nigh in different:I deeme it very likely he had a further reach,and meant that the same good fortune of our life,which dependeth of the tranquillitie and contentment of a welborne m
30、inde,and of the resolution and assurance of a well ordered soule,should never be ascribed unto man,untill he have beene seene play the last act of his comedie,and without doubt the hardest.In all the rest there may be some maske:either these sophisticall discourses of Philosophie are not in us but b
31、y countenance,or accidents that never touch us to the quick,give us alwaies leasure to keep our countenance setled.But when that last part of death,and of our selves comes to be 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 32 卷 文学和哲学名家随笔 10/436 acted,then no dissembling will availe,then is it high time to spe
32、ake plaine English,and put off all vizards:then whatsoever the pot containeth must be shewne,be it good or bad,foule or cleane,wine or water.Nam ver voces tum demum pectore ab imo Ejiciuntur,!et eripitur persona,manet res.注 4 For then are sent true speeches from the heart,We are ourselves,we leave t
33、o play a part.Loe heere,why at this last cast,all our lives other actions must be tride and touched.It is the master-day,the day that judgeth all others:it is the day,saith an auncient Writer,that must judge of all my forepassed yeares.To death doe I referre the essay注 5of my studies fruit.There sha
34、ll wee see whether my discourse proceed from my heart,or from my mouth.I have seene divers,by their death,either in good or evill,give reputation to all their forepassed life.Scipio,father-in-law to Pompey,in well dying,repaired the ill opinion which untill that houre men had ever held of him.Epamin
35、ondas being demanded which of the three he esteemed most,either Chabrias,or Iphicrates,or himselfe:“It is necessary,”said he,“that we be seene to die,before your question may well be resolved.”注 6Verily,we should steale much from him,if he should be weighed without the honour and greatnesse of his e
36、nd.God hath willed it,as he pleased:but in my time three of the most execrable persons that ever I knew in all abomination of life,and the most infamous,have beene seen to die very orderly and quietly,and in every circumstance composed even unto perfection.There are some brave and fortunate deaths.I
37、 have seene her cut the twine of some mans life,with a progresse of wonderful advancement,and with so worthie an end,even in the flowre of his growth and spring of his youth,that in mine opinion,his ambitious and haughtie couragious designes,thought nothing so high as might interrupt them,who withou
38、t going to the place where he pretended,arrived there more gloriously and worthily than either his desire or hope aimed at,and 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 32 卷 文学和哲学名家随笔 11/436 by his fall fore-went the power and name,whither by his course he aspired.When I judge of other mens lives,I ever re
39、spect how they have behaved themselves in their end;and my chiefest study is,I may well demeane my selfe at my last gaspe,that is to say,quietly and constantly.THAT TO PHILOSOPHISE IS TO LEARNE HOW TO DIE CICERO saith,that to Philosophise is no other thing than for a man to prepare himselfe to death
40、:which is the reason that studie and contemplation doth in some sort withdraw our soule from us,and severally employ it from the body,which is a kind of apprentisage and resemblance of death;or else it is,that all the wisdome and discourse of the world,doth in the end resolve upon this point,to teac
41、h us not to feare to die.Truly either reason mockes us,or it only aimeth at our contentment,and in fine,bends all her travell to make us live well,and as the holy Scripture saith,“at our ease.”All the opinions of the world conclude,that pleasure is our end,howbeit they take divers meanes unto and fo
42、r it,else would men reject them at their first coming.For who would give eare unto him,that for its end would establish our paine and disturbance?The dissentions of philosophicall sects in this case are verbal:Transcurramus solertissimas nugas;注 7“Let us run over such over-fine fooleries and subtill
43、 trifles.”There is more wilfulnesse and wrangling among them,than pertains to a sacred profession.But what person a man undertakes to act,he doth ever therewithall personate his owne.Allthough they say,that in vertue it selfe,the last scope of our aime is voluptuousnes.It pleaseth me to importune th
44、eir eares still with this word,which so much offends their hearing.And if it imply any chief pleasure or exceeding contentments,it is rather due to the assistance of vertue,than to any other supply,voluptuousnes being more strong,sinnowie,sturdie,and manly,is but more seriously voluptuous.And we sho
45、uld give it the name of pleasure,more favorable,sweeter,and more naturall;and not terme it vigor,from which it hath his denomination.Should this baser sensuality 百年哈佛 50 部经典 英文版 Harvard Classics 第 32 卷 文学和哲学名家随笔 12/436 deserve this faire name,it should be by competencie,and not by privilege.I finde
46、it lesse void of incommodities and crosses than vertue.And besides that,her taste is more fleeting,momentarie,and fading,she hath her fasts,her eyes,and her travels,注 8and both sweat and bloud.Furthermore she hath particularly so many wounding passions,and of so severall sorts,and so filthie and loa
47、thsome a societie waiting upon her,that she is equivalent to penitencie.Wee are in the wrong,to thinke her incommodities serve her as a provocation and seasoning to her sweetness,as in nature one contrarie is vivified by another contrarie:and to say,when we come to vertue,that like successes and dif
48、ficulties overwhelme it,and yeeld it austere and inaccessible.Whereas much more properly then unto voluptuousnes,they ennobled,sharpen,animate,and raise that divine and perfect pleasure,which it meditates and procureth us.Truly he is verie unworthie her acquaintance,that counter-ballanceth her cost
49、to his fruit,and knowes neither the graces nor use of it.Those who go about to instruct us,how her pursuit is very hard and laborious,and her jovisance注 9well-pleasing and delightfull:what else tell they us,but that shee is ever unpleasant and irksome?For,what humane meane注 10did ever attaine unto a
50、n absolute enjoying of it?The perfectest have beene content but to aspire and approach her,without ever possessing her.But they are deceived;seeing that of all the pleasures we know,the pursute of them is pleasant.The enterprise is perceived by the qualitie of the thing,which it hath regard unto:for
