1、目录上册（英国、爱尔兰、澳大利亚）英国第1章英国简介（1）1.1复习笔记1.2考研真题与典型题详解第2章英国简介（2）2.1复习笔记2.2考研真题与典型题详解第3章英国政府3.1复习笔记3.2考研真题与典型题详解第4章政治、阶级和社会4.1复习笔记4.2考研真题与典型题详解第5章英国经济5.1复习笔记5.2考研真题与典型题详解第6章英国文学6.1复习笔记6.2考研真题与典型题详解第7章英国教育体系7.1复习笔记7.2考研真题与典型题详解第8章英国的外交关系8.1复习笔记8.2考研真题与典型题详解第9章英国媒体9.1复习笔记9.2考研真题与典型题详解第10章英国的体育运动、节假日10.1复习笔记
2、10.2考研真题与典型题详解爱尔兰第11章爱尔兰地理、人文和历史11.1复习笔记11.2考研真题与典型题详解第12章爱尔兰政治和经济12.1复习笔记12.2考研真题与典型题详解第13章爱尔兰的文化：爱尔兰人的生活现状13.1复习笔记13.2考研真题与典型题详解第14章爱尔兰的文化：语言，文学和艺术14.1复习笔记14.2考研真题与典型题详解澳大利亚第15章澳大利亚的地理特征、怀有“梦创信仰”的民族15.1复习笔记15.2考研真题与典型题详解第16章澳大利亚现行的宗教信仰16.1复习笔记16.2考研真题与典型题详解第17章从流放地到“自由移民”17.1复习笔记17.2考研真题与典型题详解第18章
3、澳大利亚是一个自由民主的社会18.1复习笔记18.2考研真题与典型题详解第19章官僚的权力和内部揭发者19.1复习笔记19.2考研真题与典型题详解第20章从种族主义到多元文化主义20.1复习笔记20.2考研真题与典型题详解下册（新西兰、美国、加拿大）新西兰第1章国土、人民与历史1.1复习笔记1.2考研真题与典型题详解第2章政治制度、教育与经济2.1复习笔记2.2考研真题与典型题详解美国第3章美国的起始3.1复习笔记3.2考研真题与典型题详解第4章美国的政治制度4.1复习笔记4.2考研真题与典型题详解第5章美国经济5.1复习笔记5.2考研真题与典型题详解第6章美国的宗教6.1复习笔记6.2考研真
4、题与典型题详解第7章美国文学7.1复习笔记7.2考研真题与典型题详解第8章美国的教育8.1复习笔记更多各类考试资料 v：344647 公众号：顺通考试资料 8.2考研真题与典型题详解第9章20世纪60年代的社会运动9.1复习笔记9.2考研真题与典型题详解第10章美国的社会问题10.1复习笔记10.2考研真题与典型题详解第11章美国的科技11.1复习笔记11.2考研真题与典型题详解第12章二战后美国外交政策12.1复习笔记12.2考研真题与典型题详解第13章美国的体育运动与风景名胜13.1复习笔记13.2考研真题与典型题详解第14章美国早期爵士乐14.1复习笔记14.2考研真题与典型题详解加拿大
5、第15章国家与人民15.1复习笔记15.2考研真题与典型题详解第16章澳大利亚现行的宗教信仰16.1复习笔记16.2考研真题与典型题详解第17章加拿大“文化镶嵌画”17.1复习笔记17.2考研真题与典型题详解第18章加拿大经济18.1复习笔记18.2考研真题与典型题详解第19章加拿大文学19.1复习笔记19.2考研真题与典型题详解第20章加拿大的国际关系20.1复习笔记20.2考研真题与典型题详解上册（英国、爱尔兰、澳大利亚）英国第1章英国简介（1）1.1复习笔记I. Name and constituents1Full name2ConstituentsII. Effects of its
6、imperial past1Establishment of the commonwealth2A multiracial nationIII. Differences in society1Race difference2Class difference3Region differenceIV. Introduction to England1Physical features2History of invasionsV. Introduction to Scotland1Physical features2History3Retaining strong Scottish identity
7、VI. Introduction to Wales1Physical features2A history features campaigns for independence from UKI. Name and constituents（全称和组成）1Full name（全称）The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国2Constituents（组成部分）(1) The Island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales(2) Northe
8、rn Ireland(1) 大不列颠岛：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士(2) 北爱尔兰II. Effects of its imperial past（殖民时期的影响）1Establishment of the commonwealth（促成英联邦的成立）Commonwealth is a voluntary organization with members mainly beingformer colonies of the British Empire.英联邦是一个以自愿加入为基础的组织，成员国为前大英帝国殖民地。2Formation of a multiracial society（形成多种族
9、国家）Due to immigration from some Commonwealth countries in the 1950s and1960s, most commonly from India, Pakistan and countries of the Caribbean,Britain now has a population of which 1 in 20 are of non-European ethnicity.由于20世纪五、六十年代鼓励英联邦国家向英国移民，英国人口的二十分之一是非欧洲血统。III. Differences in society（社会差异）1Race
10、 difference（种族差异）A multiracial society with a majority of Christians, many Muslims andothers.多种族社会，基督教徒占主导，还有许多穆斯林教徒和其他。2Class difference（阶级差异）The class structure of UK society is relatively obvious. (Lives of a white-collar worker and a blue-collar worker are very different.)英国社会的阶级差异相对别国较为明显。（白领雇员
11、和蓝领工人的生活相差很大。）3Region difference（地区差异）(1) Between highland and lowland Scots(2) Between northern and southern England(3) The capital London itself dominant in Britain in all sorts of ways:It is the largest city located in the south of the country.It is the cultural and business center and the headqu
12、arters of the vastmajority of Britains big companies.It is not only the financial center of the nation, but also one of the threemajor international financial centers in the world.(1) 苏格兰高低和低地(2) 英格兰南部和北部(3) 首都伦敦在各方面均占主导地位：伦敦是英国南部最大城市。英国文化和商业中心，许多大型公司的部设在伦敦。不仅是英国的金融中心，也是世界三大金融中心之一。IV. Introduction t
13、o England（英格兰）1Physical features（自然特征）(1) Largest of the 4 nations with largest population;(2) A Dominance of UK in culture and economy;(3) Capital: London, dominant in government, finance and culture.(1) 地域最广、人口最多；(2) 文化和经济发展之重；(3) 首府伦敦是政治、经济和文化中心。2History of invasions（入侵史）(1) Roman invasion (43 AD
14、-AD 5th C) （罗马入侵时期(公元43年到5世纪)）England and Wales became a part of the Roman Empire.Hadrian Wall was built by the Romans in 122 to defend their domain. TheWall covered a line roughly equivalent to the contemporary boundarybetween England and Scotland.英格兰和威尔士成为罗马的一部分。122年，罗马国王建立哈德良长城。这样做是为了防止皮克特人入侵。(2)
15、 Anglo-Saxons invasion (AD 5th C-1066) （央格鲁撒克逊入侵时期(5世纪-1066年) ）Eastern and Southern Britain were invaded by Angles and Saxons (theforefathers of the English, the founders of England) .The legend of King Arthur was based on this period:It is said that he was the king of England in the 5th century and
16、 united theBritish and drove the Saxons back with his magical sword, Excalibur.He created Round Table, which gave knights equal precedence and showedknights demand for a more democratic system.His real existence is in doubt but he is the central figure of many legends.大不列颠东部和南部被侵，央格鲁撒克逊人被称为英格兰人的祖先。亚
17、瑟王的传奇以此为背景：据说他是公元5世纪时期英格兰的国王，并且曾拿着他著名的神剑带领英格兰人击退撒克逊人的入侵。圆桌的发明人，他发明圆桌供自己的骑士聚谈，这反映了平等和民主。是许多传奇故事的中心人物。(3) Viking invasion (Late AD 8th C-AD 10th C) （怀京入侵(八世纪末到十世纪) ）Northern and Eastern England as well as Scotland were conquered byraiders from Scandinavia, the ferocious Vikings.King Alfred the Great,
18、won in the south of England against the Vikingsand ruled this area.怀京人来自斯堪的纳维亚半岛，入侵了英格兰东北部和苏格兰。阿尔弗雷德大帝生活在这个时期，他积极而有效的对抗了怀京人，保留了英格兰南部的主权。(4) Norman invasion (1066) （诺曼入侵(1066) ）William the Conqueror defeated King Harold at the Battle of Hastings in1066, and built the Tower of London.Legend of Robin H
19、oodRobin Hood was a Saxon nobleman. As he could no longer put up withoppressions from the Normans, he became an outlaw and hid himself with hisban of “merry men” in the forest. From this secret place, he went out to robfrom the rich to give to the poor.1066年诺曼底公爵征服者爱德华在哈斯汀打败英王哈罗德，并修建伦敦塔。罗宾汉的传奇以此为背景。
20、他原是撒克逊贵族。由于不能忍受诺曼人的压迫而退居丛林，劫富济贫。(5) Next few hundred years following the Norman invasion（诺曼征服后期）Establishment of the Church of EnglandHenry VIIIs divorce case, which was not permitted by the pope of RomanCatholic Church, led to its broke up with England. Henry VIII thenestablished the Church of Engl
21、and and claimed himself the leader. This iscalled the Religious Reformation. His daughter Elisabeth I consolidated thestatus of the Church of England.Various parts of the British Isle were joined together under English rule.Power gradually transferred from the monarch to the parliament.1649, Charles
22、 I was executed, for he attempted to overthrow Parliament.Then England was ruled by parliaments leader, Oliver Cromwell for 11years.1660, Charles II restored the monarchy.Further conflicts between parliament and the king led to removal of theScottish house of Stuart in 1688.Bill of Rights was passed
23、 in 1689 and finally established parliamentsdominance over the throne.英格兰国教成立。亨利八世因离婚请求未受罗马教皇批准而与其决裂，成立英格兰国教，这就是著名的宗教改革。亨利八世的女儿伊丽莎白一世巩固了英格兰国教的地位。这一时期不列颠岛的大部分地区都被英王收服。权利开始由国王向议会转移。1649年，查理一世被送上断头台，议会领袖克伦威尔统治英国11年。1660年查理二世复辟斯图亚特王朝。1688年斯图亚特王朝完结。1689年通过权利法案，议会得到权利。V. Introduction to Scotland（苏格兰）1Phys
24、ical features（自然特征）(1) Second largest of the 4 nations both in population and in size(2) Most rugged part of UKIn the norththe Highlands mountains and lakesIn the souththe Southern UplandsIn the middlethe lowland zone with 3/4 of the population(3) Capital: Edinburgh, east coast, famous for its beaut
25、y(4) Largest city: Glasgow, in the west of Lowland zone, together withEdinburgh, has famous universities dating back to the 15th century.(1) 人口和面积在英国的四个组成部分中均列第二。(2) 地表崎岖北部为高地和湖泊南部为高地中部为低地，3/4的人口聚集于此(3) 首府：爱丁堡(4) 最大城市：格拉斯哥2History（历史）(1) Viking raids（怀京入侵）Experienced Viking raids in the 9th century9
26、世纪被怀京人入侵。(2) Northern Ireland Invasion（北爱尔兰入侵）Around the AD 6th C, people from Northern Ireland invaded the South-west.People in the South-west were called Scots and gave the modern countryof Scotland its name.The original Scottish Celts, called the Picts were left with the non-productive highland z
27、one, where in addition to English, some people speakthe old Celtic languageGaelic.The division between highland and lowland Scotland remains a culturaldivide today.6世纪北爱尔兰入侵苏格兰西南苏格兰西南部居民被称为苏格兰人，苏格兰的名字也源于此。苏格兰原始居民凯尔特人被迫移居北部高地，称为皮克特人，他们说英语和凯尔特语。苏格兰高低和低地之间的差异即源于此。(3) The Battle of Bannockburn（班诺克本之战）Ti
28、me: 24th June, 1314Heroes: Scots under the leadership of Robert Bruce vs the English armyResult: Scots were victorious, leading to 300 years of full independence时间：1314年6月24日人物：罗伯特布鲁斯领导的苏格兰人、英格兰军队结果：苏格兰赢得战争，维持独立300年之久。(4) Union with England（同英格兰的统一）In 1603, James VI of Scotland took the throne, call
29、ed James the First ofEngland, uniting the two thrones. But Scotland maintained its separatepolitical identity.In 1707, under the reign of Queen Anne, English and Scottish Parliamentswere united.Scotland sends 72 representatives to the London Parliament. In 1922, only3 were from the Scottish National
30、ist Party, wanting an independent Scotland;49 were from the Labor Party, wanting to set up a regional parliament forScotland to manage its own internal affairs within the UK.The Scotland Act of 1998 provided for the establishment of the ScottishParliament and Executive.1603年，苏格兰国王詹姆斯六世成为英格兰国王，即詹姆斯一世
31、，两国达成形式上的统一，但苏格兰仍保有政治独立。1707年英格兰和苏格兰议会合并。苏格兰赴伦敦议会的代表有72人，其中大部分成员来自工党，希望建立苏格兰地区议会，很少一部分主张苏格兰独立。1998年苏格兰法案通过，成立了苏格兰议会。3Retaining strong Scottish identity（民族特征）(1) Scotland has a great tradition of innovation in arts, philosophy andscience.(2) The best sum up of Scotlands position lies in Robert Louis
32、Stevensonsfamous novel Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: Scotland was superficially fullyintegrated into the UK, but concealed beneath this is a still-strong Scottishidentity.(1) 苏格兰在艺术、哲学和科学领域历来具有独创性。(2) 罗伯特路易斯的小说化身博士中的一段话最好的诠释了苏格兰的民族立场：表面看来，苏格兰是完全属于英国的，但隐藏其中的是苏格兰强烈的民族意识。VI. Introduction to Wales（威尔士）1Physic
33、al features（自然特征）(1) Smallest on the British mainland, but larger than Northern Ireland(2) Close to central England; hilly and rugged(3) Rich coal deposits attract foreign investment from abroad, especiallyJapan and U.S.(4) Capital: Cardiff, on the south coast(5) Retain its own language; 19% populat
34、ion speaking Gaelic(6) Retain a powerful sense of difference from England(1) 不列颠岛最小的一部分，但面积大于北爱尔兰(2) 靠近英国中部，多山而且地表崎岖(3) 煤矿资源丰富，引来大量外资(4) 首府：卡迪夫(5) 保留民族语言威尔士语，19%的威尔士人说这种语言(6) 对英格兰怀有强烈的区别感2A history features campaigns for the independence from UK（历史(一系列为独立于英国而作的努力) ）(1) In 1267, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd,
35、 forced the English to acknowledge himas Prince of Wales by a military campaign, and unified Wales as anindependent nation.(2) After Llywelyn died, the English King Edward I set about conqueringWales and succeeded. Edward named his son the Prince of Wales, a title heldby the first son of the Monarch
36、y ever since, trying to bring Wales into theBritish nation.(3) In 1400, Owain Glyndwr led an unsuccessful rising against the English.(4) Llywelyn and Glyndwr are legendary heroes of Welsh Nationalism sincetheir brief campaigns are the only times in history when Wales existed as aunified and independ
37、ent nation.(5) In 1536, Wales was brought legally, administratively and politically intothe UK by an act of the British Parliament.(6) Wales sends 38 representatives to the London Parliament. 4 are from theParty of Wales (Plaid Cymru) , which campaigns for an independent Wales.(1) 1267年，卢埃林阿普格鲁菲德通过军
38、事行动迫使英国皇室封其为威尔士王子，并承认威尔士独立。(2) 卢埃林死后，英王爱德华一世占领威尔士，并将其长子封为威尔士王子。如今这个称号仍是皇室长子的封号。(3) 1400年欧文格林道瓦尔领导的威尔士起义以失败告终。(4) 卢埃林和格林道瓦尔被威尔士人奉为传奇式的民主英雄，因为他们的起义时期是威尔士唯一作为独立国家存在的时期。(5) 1536年，威尔士正式成为英国的一部分。(6) 威尔士在伦敦议会的席位为38个，其中只有四名来自威尔士党，威尔士党主张威尔士拥有更大的自治权，同时同英格兰保持紧密联系。1.2考研真题与典型题详解I. Multiple Choice1Who were the an
39、cestors of the English and the founders of England?（北二外2008研）A. The Anglo-Saxons.B. The Vikings.C. The Normans.D. The Romans.【答案】A【解析】盎格鲁-撒克逊人是日耳曼民族的分支，于五世纪中期由北欧入侵大不列颠，成为现今英格兰人的祖先。2Which of the following was the man who crushed various rebellions inIreland and settled English and Scottish Protestant
40、s there by giving themland?（北京交大2005研；首都师范大学2008研）A. Oliver CromwellB. King Charles IC. William ID. William III【答案】A【解析】克伦威尔，英国政治家、军事家、宗教领袖；他粉碎了爱尔兰的多次反叛，并将土地分给英格兰和苏格兰新教徒。3In which of the following years did Julius Caesar invade Britain?（首都师范大学2008，2009研）A. 55 BCB. 54 BCC. 54 ADD. 43 AD【答案】A【解析】Juliu
41、s Caesar凯撒，罗马共和国末期独裁统治者、政治家、军事统帅；他于公元前55年入侵英国。4Which of the following peoples were the ancestors of the Welsh?（首都师范大学2009研）A. The Celts.B. The Romans.C. The Danes.D. The Anglo-Saxons.【答案】A【解析】英国威尔士人的祖先为凯尔特人；盎格鲁-撒克逊人是英格兰人的祖先。5The Church of England founded by Henry was named in England as_.（中山大学2009研）
42、A. CatholicB. AnglicanC. PuritanD. Episcopal【答案】B【解析】Henry 亨利八世，英国都铎王朝第二任国王；因教皇不同意其离婚的要求，亨利八世在英国推行宗教改革，脱离罗马天主教廷，引进新教，建立了英国国教（the Church of England），也被称为圣公会（Anglican Church）；宗教改革使英国王权得到高度集中。6Christianity was first introduced into Britain by _.（北京交大2007研；对外经贸2003研）A. the CeltB. The RomansC. the Viking
43、 DanesD. the Norman-French【答案】B【解析】公元前55年，罗马人入侵英国，把基督教引进了英国。7Three of the following are the main activities of the City of London.Which is the exception?（北京交大2006研）A. Government administration.B. Buying and selling commodities.C. Providing services and finance for commercial investment.D. Stock exch
44、anges.【答案】A【解析】伦敦市是世界最重要的金融中心之一；主要活动包括买卖商品，为商业投资提供服务和资金以及股票交易。选项A不包含在内，为正确答案。8Britain doesnt share any land border with any other countries except_.A. the Republic of IrelandB. FranceC. IcelandD. Norway【答案】A【解析】英国位于大不列颠群岛，被北海、英吉利海峡、凯尔特海、爱尔兰海和大西洋包围，仅与同属大不列颠群岛的爱尔兰共和国接壤。9As King Alfred was not able to
45、drive the Danes out of England, he madea treaty with them, allowing them to keep the northern and eastern parts ofEngland, which later became known as _.A. the DanelawB. WessexC. SussexD. Normandy【答案】A【解析】阿尔弗雷德同丹麦人签订协议，允许丹麦人治理英格兰东北地区，这部分地区后来被称为“丹麦区”，选A。B、C项昂格鲁萨克逊七国时期的两个国家。D项为法国诺曼底。10British recorded
46、 history begins with _.A. the Roman invasionB. the Norman ConquestC. the Viking and Danish invasionD. the Anglo-Saxons invasion【答案】A【解析】英国历史记载从罗马入侵后开始。II. Fill in the blanks.1The Romans invaded Britain in 43, and the only area they did not subduetherein was_.（对外经贸2005研）【答案】Scotland【解析】罗马人于公元43年入侵英国，
47、但没有征服苏格兰。2The Church of England, also called the _ Church, is one of the many“Protestant” sects which broke away from the more ancient and more _Roman Catholic Church during the Religious _. Its temporal head is the_, and twenty-six of its highest priests sit in the House of Lords.（人大2005研）【答案】Angli
48、can；orthodox；Reformation；Queen【解析】因教皇不同意其离婚的要求，英王亨利八世发动宗教改革，与罗马天主教决裂，宣布英国圣公会为国家教会；女王是英国圣公会的世俗领袖。3The roots of English literature lie deep in the tales of Denmark and otherScandinavian countries because for many years_.(北京交大2004研)【答案】England had been ruled by the Danes【解析】从8世纪末开始，以丹麦人为主体的斯堪的纳维亚人多次袭击英
49、国，后来控制了英国大片地区。4King Arthur was a legendary hero supposed to have fought against the_.（人大2006研）【答案】Saxons【解析】亚瑟王是英国神话中的英雄，他与萨克逊人斗争。5London plays a significant role in _ economic and cultural life. Itsnot only the financial _ of the nation, but also one of_ majorinternational financial centers in _.【答
50、案】Britains；center; the three；the world【解析】伦敦是英国的政治、经济、文化和交通中心，与美国纽约、法国巴黎和日本东京并列为世界四大世界级城市之一。6Britain is a country with a history of invasions. In AD 43 Britain wasinvaded by _, in the late 8th century they experienced _ raids fromScandinavia and in the late 11th century they suffered invasions from_
