1、目录上册（英国、爱尔兰、澳大利亚）英国第1章英国简介 (1)1.1复习笔记1.2考研真题与典型题详解第2章英国简介 (2)2.1复习笔记2.2考研真题与典型题详解第3章英国政府3.1复习笔记3.2考研真题与典型题详解第4章政治、阶级和社会4.1复习笔记4.2考研真题与典型题详解第5章英国经济5.1复习笔记5.2考研真题与典型题详解第6章英国文学6.1复习笔记6.2考研真题与典型题详解第7章英国教育体系7.1复习笔记7.2考研真题与典型题详解第8章英国的外交关系8.1复习笔记8.2考研真题与典型题详解第9章英国媒体9.1复习笔记9.2考研真题与典型题详解第10章英国的体育运动、节假日10.1复习
2、笔记10.2考研真题与典型题详解爱尔兰第11章爱尔兰地理、人文和历史11.1复习笔记11.2考研真题与典型题详解第12章爱尔兰政治和经济12.1复习笔记12.2考研真题与典型题详解第13章爱尔兰的文化：爱尔兰人的生活现状13.1复习笔记13.2考研真题与典型题详解第14章爱尔兰的文化：语言，文学和艺术14.1复习笔记14.2考研真题与典型题详解澳大利亚第15章澳大利亚的地理特征、怀有“梦创信仰”的民族15.1复习笔记15.2考研真题与典型题详解第16章澳大利亚的文化生活16.1复习笔记16.2考研真题与典型题详解第17章工作和家庭生活17.1复习笔记17.2考研真题与典型题详解第18章澳大利亚
3、是一个自由民主的社会18.1复习笔记18.2考研真题与典型题详解第19章今日的澳大利亚19.1复习笔记19.2考研真题与典型题详解第20章从种族主义到多元文化主义20.1复习笔记20.2考研真题与典型题详解下册（新西兰、美国、加拿大）新西兰第1章国土、人民与历史1.1复习笔记1.2考研真题与典型题详解第2章政治制度、教育与经济2.1复习笔记2.2考研真题与典型题详解美国第3章美国的起始3.1复习笔记3.2考研真题与典型题详解第4章美国的政治制度4.1复习笔记4.2考研真题与典型题详解第5章美国经济5.1复习笔记5.2考研真题与典型题详解第6章美国的宗教6.1复习笔记6.2考研真题与典型题详解第
4、7章美国文学7.1复习笔记7.2考研真题与典型题详解第8章美国的教育8.1复习笔记8.2考研真题与典型题详解第9章20世纪60年代的社会运动更多各类考试资料 v：344647 公众号：顺通考试资料 9.1复习笔记9.2考研真题与典型题详解第10章美国的社会问题10.1复习笔记10.2考研真题与典型题详解第11章美国人的生活方式：寻求一个可靠的概括11.1复习笔记11.2考研真题与典型题详解第12章美国的妇女解放运动12.1复习笔记12.2考研真题与典型题详解第13章美国的科技13.1复习笔记13.2考研真题与典型题详解第14章二战后美国外交政策14.1复习笔记14.2考研真题与典型题详解第15
5、章美国的体育运动与风景名胜15.1复习笔记15.2考研真题与典型题详解第16章美国的流行文化：电影和音乐16.1复习笔记16.2考研真题与典型题详解加拿大第17章国家与人民17.1复习笔记17.2考研真题与典型题详解第18章加拿大政府与政治18.1复习笔记18.2考研真题与典型题详解第19章加拿大-“文化镶嵌画”19.1复习笔记19.2考研真题与典型题详解第20章加拿大经济20.1复习笔记20.2考研真题与典型题详解第21章加拿大文学21.1复习笔记21.2考研真题与典型题详解第22章加拿大的国际关系22.1复习笔记22.2考研真题与典型题详解上册（英国、爱尔兰、澳大利亚）英国第1章英国简介
6、(1)1.1复习笔记I. Name and constituents1Full name2ConstituentsII. Effects of its imperial past1Establishment of the Commonwealth of Nations2Its role as a European nation3Economic influence4A multiracial nationIII. Differences in society1Race difference2Class difference3Region differenceIV. Introduction t
7、o England1Physical features2History of invasionsV. Introduction to Scotland1Physical features2History3Retaining strong Scottish identityVI. Introduction to Wales1Physical features2A history features campaigns for independence from UKI. Name and constituents（全称和组成）1Full name（全称）The United Kingdom of
8、Great Britain and Northern Ireland大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国2Constituents（组成部分）(1)The island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales(2)Northern Ireland(1)大不列颠岛：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士(2)北爱尔兰II. Effects of its imperial past（殖民时期的影响）1Establishment of the Commonwealth of Nations（促成英联邦的成立）The Commonwealth of Nations is a
9、loose and voluntary organization withmembers mainly being former colonies of the British Empire.英联邦是一个以自愿加入为基础的组织，成员国为前大英帝国殖民地2Its role as a European nation（欧盟成员国）UK has been a member of European Union since 1973.自1973年以来英国一直是欧盟成员国。3Economic influence（经济影响）It remains a relatively wealthy country, a
10、member of the Group Seven largedeveloped economies. (In 1997, G-7 turned into G-8 with Russia in.)仍然是一个比较富裕的国家，是7七国集团的一员。(1997年俄罗斯的加入使得G7转变为G8。)4A multiracial society（多种族国家）Due to immigration from some Commonwealth countries in the 1950s and1960s, most commonly from India, Pakistan and countries of
11、the Caribbean,Britain now has a population of which 1 in 20 are of non-European ethnicity.由于二十世纪五、六十年代鼓励英联邦国家向英国移民，英国人口的二十分之一是非欧洲血统。几个有代表性的国家和地区有印度、巴基斯坦及加勒比海国家。III. Differences in society（社会差异）1Race difference（种族差异）It is a multiracial society with a majority of Christians, many Muslims andothers.英国是
12、一个多种族社会，基督教徒占主导，还有许多穆斯林教徒和其他。2Class difference（阶级差异）The class structure of UK society is relatively obvious. (Lives of a white-collar worker and a blue-collar worker are very different.)英国社会的阶级差异相对别国较为明显。（白领雇员和蓝领工人的生活相差很大。）3Region difference（地区差异）(1)Between highland and lowland Scots(2)Between north
13、ern and southern England(3)The capital London itself dominant in Britain in all sorts of ways:(4)It is the largest city located in the south of the country.(5)It is the cultural and business center and the headquarters of the vastmajority of Britains big companies.(6)It is not only the financial cen
14、ter of the nation, but also one of the threemajor international financial centers in the world.(1)苏格兰高低和低地(2)英格兰南部和北部(3)首都伦敦在各方面均占主导地位：(4)伦敦是英国南部最大城市。(5)英国文化和商业中心，许多大型公司的总部设在伦敦。(6)不仅是英国的金融中心，也是世界三大金融中心之一。IV. Introduction to England（英格兰）1Physical features（自然特征）(1)Largest of the 4 nations with largest
15、 population(2)A Dominance of UK in culture and economy(3)Capital: London, dominant in government, finance and culture(1)地域最广、人口最多(2)文化和经济发展之重(3)首府伦敦是政治、经济和文化中心。2History of invasions（入侵史）Before the 1st century AD British was made up of many tribal kingdoms ofCeltic people: a powerful culture originat
16、ing in central Europe.公元1世纪之前，英国是由许多凯尔特人的部落王国构成，其强大的文化源于中欧地区。(1)Roman invasion (43 AD5th Century AD)（罗马入侵时期（公元43年到5世纪）England and Wales became a part of the Roman Empire.Hadrians Wall was built by the Romans in 122 to defend their domain.The Wall covered a line roughly equivalent to the contemporary
17、 boundarybetween England and Scotland.英格兰和威尔士成为罗马的一部分。122年，罗马国王建立哈德良长城。这样做是为了防止皮特人入侵。(2)Anglo-Saxons invasion (5th Century AD1066)（盎格鲁-撒克逊入侵时期（5世纪-1066年）Eastern and Southern Britain were invaded by Germanic peoples: theAngles and the Saxons (the forefathers of the English, the founders ofEngland).Th
18、e legend of King Arthur was based on this period:It is said that he was the king of England in the 5th century and united theBritish and drove the Saxons back with his magical sword, Excalibur.He created Round Table, which gave knights equal precedence and showedknights demand for a more democratic
19、system.His real existence is in doubt but he is the central figure of many legends.大不列颠东部和南部被日耳曼民族的盎格鲁人和撒克逊人入侵。盎格鲁-撒克逊人被称为英格兰人的祖先。亚瑟王的传奇以此为背景:据说他是公元5世纪时期英格兰的国王，并且曾拿着他著名的神剑带领英格兰人击退撒克逊人的入侵。圆桌的发明人，他发明圆桌供自己的骑士聚谈，这反映了平等和民主。还不能证实他是否真实存在，但他是许多传奇故事的中心人物。(3)Viking invasion (Late AD 8th C-AD 10th C)（维京入侵(8世纪末
20、到10世纪)）Northern and Eastern England as well as Scotland were conquered byraiders from Scandinavia, the ferocious Vikings.King Alfred the Great, won in the south of England against the Vikingsand ruled this area. (Thus today a certain cultural divide between northernersand southerners in England may
21、have its origins in this time.)维京人来自斯堪的纳维亚半岛，入侵了英格兰东北部和苏格兰。阿尔弗雷德大帝生活在这个时期，他积极而有效地对抗了维京人，保留了英格兰南部的主权。(现在英国兰存在的南方和北方的文化差异，可能也是源于此。)(4)Norman invasion (1066)（诺曼入侵（1066）William the Conqueror defeated King Harold at the Battle of Hastings in1066, and built the Tower of London.Legend of Robin HoodRobin Ho
22、od was a Saxon nobleman. As he could no longer put up withoppressions from the Normans, he became an outlaw and hid himself with hisband of “merry men” in the forest. From this secret place, he went out to robfrom the rich to give to the poor.1066年诺曼底公爵征服者爱德华在黑斯廷斯战役中打败英王哈罗德，并修建伦敦塔。罗宾汉的传奇以此为背景。他原是撒克逊
23、贵族。由于不能忍受诺曼人的压迫而退居丛林，劫富济贫。(5)Next few hundred years following the Norman invasion（诺曼征服后的几百年时间）Establishment of the Church of EnglandHenry VIIIs divorce case, which was not permitted by the pope of RomanCatholic Church, led to its breaking up with England. Henry VIII thenestablished the Church of Eng
24、land and claimed himself the leader. This iscalled the Religious Reformation. His daughter Elisabeth I consolidated thestatus of the Church of England.Various parts of the British Isle were joined together under English rule.Power gradually transferred from the monarch to the parliament.1649, Charle
25、s I was executed, for he attempted to overthrow Parliament.Then England was ruled by parliaments leader, Oliver Cromwell for 11years.1660, Charles II restored the monarchy.Further conflicts between parliament and the king led to removal of theScottish house of Stuart in 1688.Bill of Rights was passe
26、d in 1689 and finally established parliamentsdominance over the throne.英格兰国教成立。亨利八世因离婚请求未受罗马教皇批准而与其决裂，成立英格兰国教，这就是著名的宗教改革。亨利八世的女儿伊丽莎白一世巩固了英格兰国教的地位。这一时期不列颠岛的大部分地区都被英王收服。权利开始逐渐地由国王向议会转移。1649年，查理一世被送上断头台，议会领袖克伦威尔统治英国11年。1660年查理二世复辟斯图亚特王朝。1688年斯图亚特王朝完结。1689年通过权利法案，确立了议会的权利。V. Introduction to Scotland（苏格兰
27、）1Physical features（自然特征）(1)Second largest of the 4 nations both in population and in size(2)Most rugged part of UKIn the norththe Highlands mountains and lakesIn the souththe Southern UplandsIn the middlethe lowland zone with 3/4 of the population(3)Capital: Edinburgh, east coast, famous for its be
28、auty(4)Largest city: Glasgow, in the west of Lowland zone, together withEdinburgh, has famous universities dating back to the 15th century.(1)人口和面积在英国的四个组成部分中均列第二。(2)英国最崎岖的地区北部为高地和湖泊南部为高地中部为低地，3/4的人口聚集于此(3)首府：爱丁堡(4)最大城市：格拉斯哥2History（历史）(1) Northern Ireland invasion（北爱尔兰入侵）Scotland was not conquered
29、by the Romans or Anglo-Saxons. Around the 6thCentury AD, people from Northern Ireland invaded the south-west ofScotland. They were called the Scots.罗马和盎格鲁-撒克逊人都没有征服苏格兰。约6世纪北爱尔兰入侵苏格兰西南，他们被称为苏格兰人。People in the south-west were called Scots and gave the modern country ofScotland its name.The original Sc
30、ottish Celts, called the Picts were left with the non-productive highland zone, where in addition to English, some people speakthe old Celtic languageGaelic.The division between highland and lowland Scotland remains a culturaldivide today.苏格兰西南部居民被称为苏格兰人，苏格兰的名字也源于此。苏格兰原始居民凯尔特人被迫移居北部高地，称为皮克特人，他们说英语和盖
31、尔语。苏格兰高低和低地之间的差异即源于此。(2)Viking raids（维京入侵）Experienced Viking raids in the 9th century, and it was the pressure from thisoutside threat that led Scottish kings to unify, forming an independentsingular Scottish state.9世纪维京人入侵。迫于外部力量的威胁，苏格兰各国王开始联合，形成一个独立的单一的苏格兰。(3)The Battle of Bannockburn（班诺克本之战）Time:
32、 24th June, 1314Heroes: Scots under the leadership of Robert Bruce vs the English armyResult: Scots were victorious, leading to 300 years of full independence时间：1314年6月24日人物：罗伯特布鲁斯领导的苏格兰人对抗英格兰军队结果：苏格兰赢得战争，维持独立300年之久。(4)Union with England（同英格兰的统一）Despite the conflict between England and Scottish, the
33、re were extensiveintermarriage between the two aristocracies, and even between the royalfamilies.In 1603, James VI of Scotland took the throne, called James the First ofEngland, uniting the two thrones. But Scotland maintained its separatepolitical identity.In 1707, under the reign of Queen Anne, En
34、glish and Scottish Parliamentswere united.Scotland sends 72 representatives to the London Parliament. In 1922, only3 were from the Scottish Nationalist Party, wanting an independent Scotland;49 were from the Labor Party, wanting to set up a regional parliament forScotland to manage its own internal
35、affairs within the UK.The Scotland Act of 1998 provided for the establishment of the ScottishParliament and Executive.英格兰和苏格兰之间虽然存在着冲突，但是两个国家的贵族甚至皇室一直有通婚。1603年，苏格兰国王詹姆斯六世成为英格兰国王，即詹姆斯一世，两国达成形式上的统一，但苏格兰仍保有政治独立。1707年英格兰和苏格兰议会合并。苏格兰赴伦敦议会的代表有72人。1992年，有49人来自工党，希望建立苏格兰地区议会，只有苏格兰民族党的3人主张苏格兰独立。1998年苏格兰法案通过，
36、成立了苏格兰议会和政府。3Retaining strong Scottish identity（民族特征）(1)Scotland has a great tradition of innovation in arts, philosophy andscience.(2)The best sum up of Scotlands position lies in Robert Louis Stevensonsfamous novel Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: Scotland was superficially fullyintegrated into the UK, but
37、 concealed beneath this is a still-strong Scottishidentity.(1)苏格兰在艺术、哲学和科学领域历来具有独创性。(2)罗伯特路易斯的小说化身博士中的一段话最好的诠释了苏格兰的民族立场：表面看来，苏格兰是完全属于英国的，但隐藏其中的是苏格兰强烈的民族意识。VI. Introduction to Wales（威尔士）1Physical features（自然特征）(1)Smallest on the British mainland, but larger than Northern Ireland(2)Close to central En
38、gland; hilly and rugged(3) Rich coal deposits attracting foreign investment from abroad, especiallyJapan and U.S.(4)Capital: Cardiff, on the south coast(5) Retaining its own language; 19% population speaking Welsh, a Celtictongue(6)Retaining a powerful sense of difference from England(1)不列颠岛最小的一部分，但
39、面积大于北爱尔兰(2)靠近英格兰中部，多山而且地表崎岖(3)煤矿资源丰富，引来大量外资，尤其是日本和美国(4)首府：卡迪夫(5)保留民族语言威尔士语，威尔士语属于凯尔特语系，19%的威尔士人说这种语言(6)对英格兰怀有强烈的区别感2A history features campaigns for the independence from UK（为独立于英国而战的奋斗史）(1)Wales did not fall to the Anglo-Saxon invaders of the 5th century, and wasa Celtic land then.(2)In 1267, Llywe
40、lyn ap Gruffudd, forced the English to acknowledge him asPrince of Wales by a military campaign, and unified Wales as an independentnation.(3)After Llywelyn died, the English King Edward I set about conqueringWales and succeeded. Edward named his son the Prince of Wales, a title heldby the first son
41、 of the Monarchy ever since, trying to bring Wales into theBritish nation.(4)In 1400, Owain Glyndwr led an unsuccessful rising against the English.(5)Llywelyn and Glyndwr are legendary heroes of Welsh Nationalism sincetheir brief campaigns are the only times in history when Wales existed as aunified
42、 and independent nation.(6)In 1536, Wales was brought legally, administratively and politically intothe UK by an act of the British Parliament.(7)Wales sends 38 representatives to the London Parliament. 4 are from theParty of Wales (Plaid Cymru), which campaigns for an independent Wales.(1)威尔士抵抗了盎格鲁
43、-撒克逊的入侵，那时仍然属于凯尔特人民的土地。(2)1267年，卢埃林阿普格鲁菲德通过军事行动迫使英国皇室封其为威尔士王子，并统一威尔士为独立的国家。(3)卢埃林死后，英王爱德华一世占领威尔士，并将其长子封为威尔士王子。如今这个称号仍是皇室长子的封号。(4)1400年欧文格林道瓦尔领导的威尔士起义以失败告终。(5)卢埃林和格林道瓦尔被威尔士人奉为传奇式的民族英雄，因为他们的起义时期是威尔士唯一作为独立国家存在的时期。(6)1536年，威尔士正式成为英国的一部分。(7)威尔士在伦敦议会的席位为38个，其中只有4名来自威尔士党，威尔士党主张威尔士拥有更大的自治权，同时与英格兰保持紧密联系。1.2考
44、研真题与典型题详解I. Multiple Choice1Who were the ancestors of the English and the founders of England?（北二外2008研）A. The Anglo-Saxons.B. The Vikings.C. The Normans.D. The Romans.【答案】A【解析】盎格鲁-撒克逊人是日耳曼民族的分支，于五世纪中期由北欧入侵大不列颠，成为现今英格兰人的祖先。2Which of the following was the man who crushed various rebellions inIreland
45、and settled English and Scottish Protestants there by giving themland? （北京交大2005研；首都师范大学2008研）A. Oliver CromwellB. King Charles IC. William ID. William III【答案】A【解析】克伦威尔，英国政治家、军事家、宗教领袖；他粉碎了爱尔兰的多次反叛，并将土地分给英格兰和苏格兰新教徒。3In which of the following years did Julius Caesar invade Britain for thefirst time? （
46、首都师范大学2008，2009研）A. 55 BCB. 54 BCC. 54 ADD. 43 AD【答案】A【解析】Julius Caesar凯撒，罗马共和国末期独裁统治者、政治家、军事统帅；他于公元前55年入侵英国。4Which of the following peoples were the ancestors of the Welsh? （首都师范大学2009研）A. The Celts.B. The Romans.C. The Danes.D. The Anglo-Saxons.【答案】A【解析】英国威尔士人的祖先为凯尔特人；盎格鲁-撒克逊人是英格兰人的祖先。5The Church
47、of England founded by Henry was named in England as_.（中山大学2009研）A. CatholicB. AnglicanC. PuritanD. Episcopal【答案】B【解析】亨利八世，英国都铎王朝第二任国王；因教皇不同意其离婚的要求，亨利八世在英国推行宗教改革，脱离罗马天主教廷，引进新教，建立了英国国教（the Church of England），也被称为圣公会（AnglicanChurch）；宗教改革使英国王权得到高度集中。6Christianity was first introduced into Britain by _.
48、（北京交大2007研；对外经贸2003研）A. the CeltB. The RomansC. the Viking DanesD. the Norman-French【答案】B【解析】公元前55年，罗马人入侵英国，把基督教引进了英国。7Three of the following are the main activities of the City of London.Which is the exception? (北京交大2006研)A. Government administration.B. Buying and selling commodities.C. Providing s
49、ervices and finance for commercial investment.D. Stock exchanges.【答案】A【解析】伦敦市是世界最重要的金融中心之一；主要活动包括买卖商品，为商业投资提供服务和资金以及股票交易。选项A不包含在内，为正确答案。8Britain doesnt share any land border with any other countries except_.A. the Republic of IrelandB. FranceC. IcelandD. Norway【答案】A【解析】英国位于大不列颠群岛，被北海、英吉利海峡、凯尔特海、爱尔兰海
50、和大西洋包围，仅与同属大不列颠群岛的爱尔兰共和国接壤。9As King Alfred was not able to drive the Danes out of England, he madea treaty with them, allowing them to keep the northern and eastern parts ofEngland, which later became known as _.A. the DanelawB. WessexC. SussexD. Normandy【答案】A【解析】阿尔弗雷德同丹麦人签订协议，允许丹麦人治理英格兰东北地区，这部分地区后来
