1、目 录 上册（英国、爱尔兰、澳大利亚） . 6 英国 . 6 第 1 章 英国简介 (1). 6 1.1 复习笔记 . 6 1.2 考研真题与典型题详解 .11 第 2 章 英国简介 (2). 16 2.1 复习笔记 . 16 2.2 考研真题与典型题详解 . 20 第 3 章 英国政府 . 23 3.1 复习笔记 . 23 3.2 考研真题与典型题详解 . 27 第 4 章 政治、阶级和社会 . 32 4.1 复习笔记 . 32 4.2 考研真题与典型题详解 . 37 第 5 章 英国经济 . 42 5.1 复习笔记 . 42 5.2 考研真题与典型题详解 . 47 第 6 章 英国文学 .
2、 50 6.1 复习笔记 . 50 6.2 考研真题与典型题详解 . 58 第 7 章 英国教育体系 . 63 7.1 复习笔记 . 63 7.2 考研真题与典型题详解 . 68 第 8 章 英国的外交关系 . 71 8.1 复习笔记 . 71 8.2 考研真题与典型题详解 . 74 第 9 章 英国媒体 . 78 9.1 复习笔记 . 78 9.2 考研真题与典型题详解 . 82 第 10 章 英国的体育运动、节假日 . 86 10.1 复习笔记. 86 10.2 考研真题与典型题详解. 92 爱尔兰 . 95 第 11 章 爱尔兰地理、人文和历史 . 95 11.1 复习笔记 . 95 1
3、1.2 考研真题与典型题详解 . 99 第 12 章 爱尔兰政治和经济.102 12.1 复习笔记.102 12.2 考研真题与典型题详解. 110 第 13 章 爱尔兰的文化：爱尔兰人的生活现状. 112 13.1 复习笔记. 112 13.2 考研真题与典型题详解. 117 第 14 章 爱尔兰的文化：语言，文学和艺术 .120 14.1 复习笔记.120 14.2 考研真题与典型题详解.125 澳大利亚 .128 第 15 章 澳大利亚的地理特征、怀有“梦创信仰”的民族 .128 15.1 复习笔记.128 15.2 考研真题与典型题详解.131 第 16 章 澳大利亚的文化生活 .13
4、4 16.1 复习笔记.134 16.2 考研真题与典型题详解.139 第 17 章 工作和家庭生活 .142 17.1 复习笔记.142 17.2 考研真题与典型题详解.146 第 18 章 澳大利亚是一个自由民主的社会.149 18.1 复习笔记.149 18.2 考研真题与典型题详解.154 第 19 章 今日的澳大利亚 .156 19.1 复习笔记.156 19.2 考研真题与典型题详解.161 第 20 章 从种族主义到多元文化主义.163 20.1 复习笔记.163 20.2 考研真题与典型题详解.167 下册（新西兰、美国、加拿大） .170 新西兰 .170 第 1 章 国土、
5、人民与历史 .170 1.1 复习笔记 .170 1.2 考研真题与典型题详解 .174 第 2 章 政治制度、教育与经济 .177 2.1 复习笔记 .177 2.2 考研真题与典型题详解 .182 美国 .185 第 3 章 美国的起始 .185 3.1 复习笔记 .185 3.2 考研真题与典型题详解 .190 第 4 章 美国的政治制度 .196 4.1 复习笔记 .196 4.2 考研真题与典型题详解 .199 第 5 章 美国经济 .205 5.1 复习笔记 .205 5.2 考研真题与典型题详解 .209 第 6 章 美国的宗教 .213 6.1 复习笔记 .213 6.2 考研
6、真题与典型题详解 .217 第 7 章 美国文学 .221 7.1 复习笔记 .221 7.2 考研真题与典型题详解 .227 第 8 章 美国的教育 .231 8.1 复习笔记 .231 8.2 考研真题与典型题详解 .235 第 9 章 20 世纪 60 年代的社会运动 .238 9.1 复习笔记 .238 9.2 考研真题与典型题详解 .242 第 10 章 美国的社会问题 .247 10.1 复习笔记.247 10.2 考研真题与典型题详解.251 第 11 章 美国人的生活方式：寻求一个可靠的概括.255 11.1 复习笔记 .255 11.2 考研真题与典型题详解 .259 第 1
7、2 章 美国的妇女解放运动 .263 12.1 复习笔记.263 12.2 考研真题与典型题详解.266 第 13 章 美国的科技 .269 13.1 复习笔记.269 13.2 考研真题与典型题详解.273 第 14 章 二战后美国外交政策 .275 14.1 复习笔记.275 14.2 考研真题与典型题详解.278 第 15 章 美国的体育运动与风景名胜.282 15.1 复习笔记.282 15.2 考研真题与典型题详解.287 第 16 章 美国的流行文化：电影和音乐 .291 16.1 复习笔记.291 16.2 考研真题与典型题详解.297 加拿大 .302 第 17 章 国家与人民
8、 .302 17.1 复习笔记.302 17.2 考研真题与典型题详解.306 第 18 章 加拿大政府与政治.309 18.1 复习笔记.309 18.2 考研真题与典型题详解.313 第 19 章 加拿大-“文化镶嵌画” .315 19.1 复习笔记.315 19.2 考研真题与典型题详解.319 第 20 章 加拿大经济 .322 20.1 复习笔记.322 20.2 考研真题与典型题详解.326 第 21 章 加拿大文学 .329 21.1 复习笔记.329 21.2 考研真题与典型题详解.333 第 22 章 加拿大的国际关系.336 22.1 复习笔记.336 22.2 考研真题与
9、典型题详解.339 上册（英国、爱尔兰、澳大利亚） 英国 第 1 章 英国简介 (1) 1.1 复习笔记 I. Name and constituents 1. Full name 2. Constituents II. Effects of its imperial past 1. Establishment of the Commonwealth of Nations 2. Its role as a European nation 3. Economic influence 4. A multiracial nation III. Differences in society 1. Ra
10、ce difference 2. Class difference 3. Region difference IV . Introduction to England 1. Physical features 2. History of invasions V. Introduction to Scotland 1. Physical features 2. History 3. Retaining strong Scottish identity VI. Introduction to Wales 1. Physical features 2. A history features camp
11、aigns for independence from UK I. Name and constituents（全称和组成） 1. Full name（全称） The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国 2. Constituents（组成部分） (1)The island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales (2)Northern Ireland (1)大不列颠岛：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士 (2)北爱尔兰 II. Effects of its
12、 imperial past（殖民时期的影响） 1. Establishment of the Commonwealth of Nations（促成英联邦的成立） The Commonwealth of Nations is a loose and voluntary organization with members mainly being former colonies of the British Empire. 英联邦是一个以自愿加入为基础的组织，成员国为前大英帝国殖民地 2. Its role as a European nation（欧盟成员国） UK has been a me
13、mber of European Union since 1973. 自 1973 年以来英国一直是欧盟成员国。 3. Economic influence（经济影响） It remains a relatively wealthy country, a member of the Group Seven large developed economies. (In 1997, G-7 turned into G-8 with Russia in.) 仍然是一个比较富裕的国家，是 7 七国集团的一员。(1997 年俄罗斯的加入使得 G7 转变为 G8。) 4. A multiracial so
14、ciety（多种族国家） Due to immigration from some Commonwealth countries in the 1950s and 1960s, most commonly from India, Pakistan and countries of the Caribbean, Britain now has a population of which 1 in 20 are of non-European ethnicity. 由于二十世纪五、六十年代鼓励英联邦国家向英国移民，英国人口的二十分之一是非欧洲血统。几个有代表性的国家和地区有印度、巴基斯坦及加勒比海
15、国家。 III. Differences in society（社会差异） 1. Race difference（种族差异） It is a multiracial society with a majority of Christians, many Muslims and others. 英国是一个多种族社会，基督教徒占主导，还有许多穆斯林教徒和其他。 2. Class difference（阶级差异） The class structure of UK society is relatively obvious. (Lives of a white-collar worker and a
16、 blue-collar worker are very different.) 英国社会的阶级差异相对别国较为明显。 （白领雇员和蓝领工人的生活相差很大。 ） 3. Region difference（地区差异） (1)Between highland and lowland Scots (2)Between northern and southern England (3)The capital London itself dominant in Britain in all sorts of ways: (4)It is the largest city located in the s
17、outh of the country. (5)It is the cultural and business center and the headquarters of the vast majority of Britains big companies. (6)It is not only the financial center of the nation, but also one of the three major international financial centers in the world. (1)苏格兰高低和低地 (2)英格兰南部和北部 (3)首都伦敦在各方面均
18、占主导地位： (4)伦敦是英国南部最大城市。 (5)英国文化和商业中心，许多大型公司的总部设在伦敦。 (6)不仅是英国的金融中心，也是世界三大金融中心之一。 IV . Introduction to England（英格兰） 1. Physical features（自然特征） (1)Largest of the 4 nations with largest population (2)A Dominance of UK in culture and economy (3)Capital: London, dominant in government, finance and culture
19、(1)地域最广、人口最多 (2)文化和经济发展之重 (3)首府伦敦是政治、经济和文化中心。 2. History of invasions（入侵史） Before the 1st century AD British was made up of many tribal kingdoms of Celtic people: a powerful culture originating in central Europe. 公元 1 世纪之前，英国是由许多凯尔特人的部落王国构成，其强大的文化源于中欧地区。 (1)Roman invasion (43 AD5th Century AD)（罗马入侵时
20、期（公元 43 年到 5 世纪） ） England and Wales became a part of the Roman Empire. Hadrians Wall was built by the Romans in 122 to defend their domain. The Wall covered a line roughly equivalent to the contemporary boundary between England and Scotland. 英格兰和威尔士成为罗马的一部分。 122 年，罗马国王建立哈德良长城。这样做是为了防止皮特人入侵。 (2)Angl
21、o-Saxons invasion (5th Century AD1066)（盎格鲁-撒克逊入侵时期（5 世纪-1066 年） ） Eastern and Southern Britain were invaded by Germanic peoples: the Angles and the Saxons (the forefathers of the English, the founders of England). The legend of King Arthur was based on this period: It is said that he was the king of
22、 England in the 5th century and united the British and drove the Saxons back with his magical sword, Excalibur. He created Round Table, which gave knights equal precedence and showed knights demand for a more democratic system. His real existence is in doubt but he is the central figure of many lege
23、nds. 大不列颠东部和南部被日耳曼民族的盎格鲁人和撒克逊人入侵。盎格鲁-撒克逊人被称为英格兰人的祖先。 亚瑟王的传奇以此为背景: 据说他是公元 5 世纪时期英格兰的国王，并且曾拿着他著名的神剑带领英格兰人击退撒克逊人的入侵。 圆桌的发明人，他发明圆桌供自己的骑士聚谈，这反映了平等和民主。 还不能证实他是否真实存在，但他是许多传奇故事的中心人物。 (3)Viking invasion (Late AD 8th C-AD 10th C)（维京入侵(8 世纪末到 10 世纪)） Northern and Eastern England as well as Scotland were conque
24、red by raiders from Scandinavia, the ferocious Vikings. King Alfred the Great, won in the south of England against the Vikings and ruled this area. (Thus today a certain cultural divide between northerners and southerners in England may have its origins in this time.) 维京人来自斯堪的纳维亚半岛，入侵了英格兰东北部和苏格兰。 阿尔
25、弗雷德大帝生活在这个时期，他积极而有效地对抗了维京人，保留了英格兰南部的主权。(现在英国兰存在的南方和北方的文化差异，可能也是源于此。) (4)Norman invasion (1066)（诺曼入侵（1066） ） William the Conqueror defeated King Harold at the Battle of Hastings in 1066, and built the Tower of London. Legend of Robin Hood Robin Hood was a Saxon nobleman. As he could no longer put up
26、with oppressions from the Normans, he became an outlaw and hid himself with his band of merry men in the forest. From this secret place, he went out to rob from the rich to give to the poor. 1066 年诺曼底公爵征服者爱德华在黑斯廷斯战役中打败英王哈罗德，并修建伦敦塔。 罗宾汉的传奇以此为背景。他原是撒克逊贵族。由于不能忍受诺曼人的压迫而退居丛林，劫富济贫。 (5)Next few hundred yea
27、rs following the Norman invasion（诺曼征服后的几百年时间） Establishment of the Church of England Henry VIIIs divorce case, which was not permitted by the pope of Roman Catholic Church, led to its breaking up with England. Henry VIII then established the Church of England and claimed himself the leader. This is
28、called the Religious Reformation. His daughter Elisabeth I consolidated the status of the Church of England. Various parts of the British Isle were joined together under English rule. Power gradually transferred from the monarch to the parliament. 1649, Charles I was executed, for he attempted to ov
29、erthrow Parliament. Then England was ruled by parliaments leader, Oliver Cromwell for 11 years. 1660, Charles II restored the monarchy. Further conflicts between parliament and the king led to removal of the Scottish house of Stuart in 1688. Bill of Rights was passed in 1689 and finally established
30、parliaments dominance over the throne. 英格兰国教成立。 亨利八世因离婚请求未受罗马教皇批准而与其决裂，成立英格兰国教，这就是著名的宗教改革。亨利八世的女儿伊丽莎白一世巩固了英格兰国教的地位。 这一时期不列颠岛的大部分地区都被英王收服。 权利开始逐渐地由国王向议会转移。 1649 年，查理一世被送上断头台，议会领袖克伦威尔统治英国 11 年。 1660 年查理二世复辟斯图亚特王朝。 1688 年斯图亚特王朝完结。 1689 年通过权利法案，确立了议会的权利。 V. Introduction to Scotland（苏格兰） 1. Physical feat
31、ures（自然特征） (1)Second largest of the 4 nations both in population and in size (2)Most rugged part of UK In the norththe Highlands mountains and lakes In the souththe Southern Uplands In the middlethe lowland zone with 3/4 of the population (3)Capital: Edinburgh, east coast, famous for its beauty (4)L
32、argest city: Glasgow, in the west of Lowland zone, together with Edinburgh, has famous universities dating back to the 15th century. (1)人口和面积在英国的四个组成部分中均列第二。 (2)英国最崎岖的地区 北部为高地和湖泊 南部为高地 中部为低地，3/4 的人口聚集于此 (3)首府：爱丁堡 (4)最大城市：格拉斯哥 2. History（历史） (1) Northern Ireland invasion（北爱尔兰入侵） Scotland was not conq
33、uered by the Romans or Anglo-Saxons. Around the 6th Century AD, people from Northern Ireland invaded the south-west of Scotland. They were called the Scots. 罗马和盎格鲁-撒克逊人都没有征服苏格兰。约 6 世纪北爱尔兰入侵苏格兰西南，他们被称为苏格兰人。 People in the south-west were called Scots and gave the modern country of Scotland its name. T
34、he original Scottish Celts, called the Picts were left with the non-productive highland zone, where in addition to English, some people speak the old Celtic languageGaelic. The division between highland and lowland Scotland remains a cultural divide today. 苏格兰西南部居民被称为苏格兰人，苏格兰的名字也源于此。 苏格兰原始居民凯尔特人被迫移居
35、北部高地，称为皮克特人，他们说英语和盖尔语。 苏格兰高低和低地之间的差异即源于此。 (2)Viking raids（维京入侵） Experienced Viking raids in the 9th century, and it was the pressure from this outside threat that led Scottish kings to unify, forming an independent singular Scottish state. 9 世纪维京人入侵。迫于外部力量的威胁，苏格兰各国王开始联合，形成一个独立的单一的苏格兰。 (3)The Battle
36、of Bannockburn（班诺克本之战） Time: 24th June, 1314 Heroes: Scots under the leadership of Robert Bruce vs the English army Result: Scots were victorious, leading to 300 years of full independence 时间：1314 年 6 月 24 日 人物：罗伯特布鲁斯领导的苏格兰人对抗英格兰军队 结果：苏格兰赢得战争，维持独立 300 年之久。 (4)Union with England（同英格兰的统一） Despite the
37、conflict between England and Scottish, there were extensive intermarriage between the two aristocracies, and even between the royal families. In 1603, James VI of Scotland took the throne, called James the First of England, uniting the two thrones. But Scotland maintained its separate political iden
38、tity. In 1707, under the reign of Queen Anne, English and Scottish Parliaments were united. Scotland sends 72 representatives to the London Parliament. In 1922, only 3 were from the Scottish Nationalist Party, wanting an independent Scotland; 49 were from the Labor Party, wanting to set up a regiona
39、l parliament for Scotland to manage its own internal affairs within the UK. The Scotland Act of 1998 provided for the establishment of the Scottish Parliament and Executive. 英格兰和苏格兰之间虽然存在着冲突，但是两个国家的贵族甚至皇室一直有通婚。 1603 年，苏格兰国王詹姆斯六世成为英格兰国王，即詹姆斯一世，两国达成形式上的统一，但苏格兰仍保有政治独立。 1707 年英格兰和苏格兰议会合并。 苏格兰赴伦敦议会的代表有 7
40、2 人。1992 年，有 49 人来自工党，希望建立苏格兰地区议会，只有苏格兰民族党的 3 人主张苏格兰独立。 1998 年苏格兰法案通过，成立了苏格兰议会和政府。 3. Retaining strong Scottish identity（民族特征） (1)Scotland has a great tradition of innovation in arts, philosophy and science. (2)The best sum up of Scotlands position lies in Robert Louis Stevensons famous novel Dr Jek
41、yll and Mr. Hyde: Scotland was superficially fully integrated into the UK, but concealed beneath this is a still-strong Scottish identity. (1)苏格兰在艺术、哲学和科学领域历来具有独创性。 (2)罗伯特路易斯的小说化身博士中的一段话最好的诠释了苏格兰的民族立场：表面看来，苏格兰是完全属于英国的，但隐藏其中的是苏格兰强烈的民族意识。 VI. Introduction to Wales（威尔士） 1. Physical features（自然特征） (1)Sm
42、allest on the British mainland, but larger than Northern Ireland (2)Close to central England; hilly and rugged (3) Rich coal deposits attracting foreign investment from abroad, especially Japan and U.S. (4)Capital: Cardiff, on the south coast (5) Retaining its own language; 19% population speaking W
43、elsh, a Celtic tongue (6)Retaining a powerful sense of difference from England (1)不列颠岛最小的一部分，但面积大于北爱尔兰 (2)靠近英格兰中部，多山而且地表崎岖 (3)煤矿资源丰富，引来大量外资，尤其是日本和美国 (4)首府：卡迪夫 (5)保留民族语言威尔士语，威尔士语属于凯尔特语系，19%的威尔士人说这种语言 (6)对英格兰怀有强烈的区别感 2. A history features campaigns for the independence from UK（为独立于英国而战的奋斗史） (1)Wales d
44、id not fall to the Anglo-Saxon invaders of the 5th century, and was a Celtic land then. (2)In 1267, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, forced the English to acknowledge him as Prince of Wales by a military campaign, and unified Wales as an independent nation. (3)After Llywelyn died, the English King Edward I set
45、 about conquering Wales and succeeded. Edward named his son the Prince of Wales, a title held by the first son of the Monarchy ever since, trying to bring Wales into the British nation. (4)In 1400, Owain Glyndwr led an unsuccessful rising against the English. (5)Llywelyn and Glyndwr are legendary he
46、roes of Welsh Nationalism since their brief campaigns are the only times in history when Wales existed as a unified and independent nation. (6)In 1536, Wales was brought legally, administratively and politically into the UK by an act of the British Parliament. (7)Wales sends 38 representatives to th
47、e London Parliament. 4 are from the Party of Wales (Plaid Cymru), which campaigns for an independent Wales. (1)威尔士抵抗了盎格鲁-撒克逊的入侵，那时仍然属于凯尔特人民的土地。 (2)1267 年，卢埃林 阿普 格鲁菲德通过军事行动迫使英国皇室封其为威尔士王子，并统一威尔士为独立的国家。 (3)卢埃林死后，英王爱德华一世占领威尔士，并将其长子封为威尔士王子。如今这个称号仍是皇室长子的封号。 (4)1400 年欧文 格林道瓦尔领导的威尔士起义以失败告终。 (5)卢埃林和格林道瓦尔被威尔士
48、人奉为传奇式的民族英雄，因为他们的起义时期是威尔士唯一作为独立国家存在的时期。 (6)1536 年，威尔士正式成为英国的一部分。 (7)威尔士在伦敦议会的席位为 38 个，其中只有 4 名来自威尔士党，威尔士党主张威尔士拥有更大的自治权，同时与英格兰保持紧密联系。 1.2 考研真题与典型题详解 I. Multiple Choice 1. Who were the ancestors of the English and the founders of England? （北二外 2008 研） A. The Anglo-Saxons. B. The Vikings. C. The Norman
49、s. D. The Romans. 【答案】A 【解析】盎格鲁-撒克逊人是日耳曼民族的分支，于五世纪中期由北欧入侵大不列颠，成为现今英格兰人的祖先。 2. Which of the following was the man who crushed various rebellions in Ireland and settled English and Scottish Protestants there by giving them land? （北京交大 2005 研；首都师范大学 2008 研） A. Oliver Cromwell B. King Charles I C. Willi
50、am I D. William III 【答案】A 【解析】克伦威尔，英国政治家、军事家、宗教领袖；他粉碎了爱尔兰的多次反叛，并将土地分给英格兰和苏格兰新教徒。 3. In which of the following years did Julius Caesar invade Britain for the first time? （首都师范大学 2008，2009 研） A. 55 BC B. 54 BC C. 54 AD D. 43 AD 【答案】A 【解析】Julius Caesar 凯撒，罗马共和国末期独裁统治者、政治家、军事统帅；他于公元前 55 年入侵英国。 4. Which
